Dairy Genetics

Where Crossbreds Fit in Today’s Genetic Evaluations

Fri, 01 May 2026 18:26:15 GMT

When crossbreeding started picking up steam in U.S. dairy herds, the genetic toolbox wasn’t really built for the cows’ producers had in their barns.

Genetic evaluations worked well for purebreds, but for Holstein–Jersey crosses and other combinations, the system only went so far and accuracy dropped. That gap is what the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) set out to address.

In a recent episode of the CDCB Cow Cast, George Wiggans, longtime USDA research geneticist and current CDCB technical advisor, walked through how genomic evaluations and Breed Base Representation (BBR) have changed the way crossbred dairy cattle are evaluated.

Why Crossbreds Didn’t Quite Fit

For a long time, dairy genetic evaluations were built around purebred populations, which worked well when most herds were fairly uniform and selection stayed within a single breed.

Evaluations were done within each breed, so crossbred animals didn’t always line up as well in the system and their results were less accurate. As crossbreeding became more common in commercial herds, especially in Holstein–Jersey systems aimed at balancing production and components, those gaps became more noticeable. The system could still generate numbers, but they didn’t always reflect what was happening in mixed-breed cows.

Meanwhile, the industry’s data foundation was still developing. For decades, most genetic progress came from what Wiggans calls the basics.

“We still relied on traditional evaluations, which pulled together data from farms across the country and even around the world to figure out which animals perform best,” Wiggans says. “Then we would take all that information across the traits we measure and combine it into a profile or index that would help predict how profitable an animal would be.”

That system has long been used in dairy genetics, but it didn’t always handle animals with mixed-breed backgrounds as smoothly.

Genomics Opens the Door

Genomics changed how geneticists approach evaluations. Instead of relying only on performance records, the system now uses DNA to connect specific parts of the genome to trait outcomes.

Wiggans says this is done using what are called reference populations.

“The concept is that by having a large reference population, we can assign genetic values to these segments of the chromosome,” Wiggans says. “So, when we put it all together and add it all up, we can say, we think that this is going to be the cow’s productivity for each of the traits we analyze.”

He explains genomic evaluation as building a kind of genetic mosaic, where pieces of DNA get value based on data from large groups of known animals. This worked well for purebreds, but for crossbreds there was still a missing piece: a consistent way to describe breed makeup in a way national evaluations could use directly.

BBR Gives Crossbreds a Place

To address that gap, the industry developed Breed Base Representation, or BBR.

“Recognizing that we would like to extend the genomic evaluations to crossbreds, we needed some way of identifying what the breed background was of an animal,” Wiggans says.

BBR uses genomic data to estimate how much of each breed is in an animal.

“We used kind of an interesting approach here… Why don’t we use the same idea to estimate how much Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, and other breeds are in an animal,” Wiggans says.

Purebred animals serve as the starting point because their genetics are clearly defined.

“We treat a purebred animal as fully belonging to its breed, like giving it a ‘1’ for that breed and a ‘0’ for all other breeds,” Wiggans says. “Then we use genetic markers, called SNPs, to estimate how much of each breed is in mixed animals.”

From there, each animal gets a breed breakdown.

“So, an animal could be 75% Holstein and 25% Jersey,” Wiggans says. “That’s what Breed Base Representation, or BBR, reports.”

BBR breaks an animal’s genetics into breed percentages, giving producers a clearer way to understand and compare crossbred animals. He adds that the approach is considered highly accurate because it’s based on large amounts of genetic data from many animals.

Putting Breed Mix into One Number

BBR describes what breeds are in an animal. The next step is turning that information into a usable evaluation.

“By having this BBR that we’ve discussed, we can say, well, let’s just do a weighted average,” Wiggans says. “We’ll multiply each evaluation by the percent of each breed that it is, add it all up, then that will be our evaluation of this animal.”

Each breed contributes to the final score based on how much of that breed is in the animal. A higher percentage of a breed means it has more influence on the outcome. The final result is one evaluation number for crossbred animals that reflects their actual genetic makeup, instead of forcing them into a single-breed category that doesn’t fully represent them.

Crossbreds are Now Part of the System

As genomic testing has expanded, crossbreds have become a bigger part of the national dataset.

“So, not surprisingly, Holstein numbers were over 9 million last year, with Jersey coming in second,” Wiggans says. “But what stands out is that crossbreds are now the third largest group. So, providing evaluations for crossbred met a real need in the industry.”

Today, crossbred animals are included in the evaluation system. Tools are now in place to better reflect how they are bred and managed on today’s dairies. As genetic evaluations continue to evolve, Wiggans expects crossbreds to remain part of the picture.

“We’re working on strategies to take this into account so that the evaluation simultaneously considers both the genetics and her traditional data,” he says. “We expect that we’ll still offer evaluations for these animals, so that the BBR will continue to have a role in the evaluations.”

The result is a system that better matches the cows’ producers are working with every day, bringing crossbreds fully into the genetic conversation.

How One Dairy is Using Embryos to Replace Jerseys With Holsteins

Thu, 23 Apr 2026 15:32:41 GMT

As milk markets evolve, some dairies are starting to pull back on Jerseys, driven by a combination of shifting milk pricing, weaker replacement demand and changing revenue opportunities beyond the bulk tank.

For some, that shift has meant leaning into crossbreeding to capture flexibility and hybrid vigor. For others, it has meant doubling down on Holsteins to produce more milk volume, capture stronger beef-on-dairy premiums and improve cull value. That has been the case for Triple G Dairy and LegenDairy in Arizona, where a closer look at whole-herd economics, not just components, has prompted a gradual move away from Jerseys and toward a more Holstein-focused system.

When Fairlife expanded into the state six years ago, it reshaped breeding priorities for several dairies. For Triple G Dairy and its sister operation, LegenDairy, the focus on higher components triggered a transition away from Jerseys and toward Holsteins.

(Skylar Gericke)

“When Fairlife came in, they said that they had their bottom line on components, and we needed to be above that number on protein and fat,” says Skylar Gericke, part-owner at LegenDairy. “We originally did not meet their threshold for components, but we are now well over past component tests from when we milked a mixed herd”.

At the time, the fastest way to raise components was to bring Jerseys into the system. Since then, genetics, nutrition and management improvements have helped the Holsteins catch up.

“When we built LegenDairy, we moved all the Jerseys to that location and focused the Holstein herd at Triple G,” Gericke says. “But now the Holsteins have come up in components. We’re around 3.3 protein and about 3.7 fat now. At this point, we’re really working toward a Holstein herd and phasing the Jerseys out.”

Looking Beyond Components

The decision to move away from Jerseys was not based on components alone. When Gericke evaluated the economics across the entire system, several factors began favoring Holsteins.

“We still ship milk to a fluid market,” Gericke says. “And with the way our Holsteins are milking today, I need to ship more hundredweights in order to spread that fixed cost.”

Additional revenue streams also played a role in the decision.

“The more and more you look into breeding, the Holstein cows are becoming more efficient,” Gericke explains. “And when you factor in beef-on-dairy calves, the beef calves have a $500 to $1,000 premium on them. Even culling those Holstein cows, you get another $300 to $400 per cow. So profitability wise, we’re better off Holstein.”

Replacement market signals reinforced that direction.

“There’s just no good market for Jerseys right now,” he says. “Everybody is either trying to get out or breeding them terminal.”

Read: Crossbreeding Gains Ground as Some Dairies Scale Back Jerseys

(Skylar Gericke)

How Embryos Are Reshaping the Herd

As the farm shifted away from Jerseys, LegenDairy used Holstein semen on Jerseys to create some crossbred animals. The focus was on high genomic Holstein bulls with strong udder and health traits.

“We went back through the bulls we had been using and looked at the calves that had already been genomically tested,” Gericke says. “From there, we picked the top performers based on udder traits and component levels, and those top three bulls were the ones we used on the Jerseys.”

But as Gericke dug deeper into the economics, he concluded that building a herd of more purebred Holsteins made the most sense. Embryo transfer became the main tool driving that change.

“We make our own Holstein embryos through IVF,” Gericke says. “It gives us control over the progress, and I like having that control.”

That approach has helped accelerate the shift toward a more uniform Holstein base by multiplying higher-end genetics and reducing reliance on natural turnover.

(Skylar Gericke)

Genetics Is a Long Game

While reproductive tools like IVF can speed up progress, genetic change still takes time to work through a herd.

“Once you start implementing a breeding strategy, you have to think long term,” says dairy consultant Jason Anderson. “Unless you’re selling your cows and buying a different breed, it can take five to seven years from the time you change the semen in the tank before that new herd is fully in place.”

That delay means breeding strategies must also align with milk markets.

“Having a clear understanding from your processor about what they want from your milk helps define your strategy,” Anderson says. “It’s important to know what they are looking for and how that fits with the breeding decisions you’re making on the farm.”

For Gericke, that long-term mindset is exactly why he has leaned into embryo transfer.

“We can make management changes pretty quickly, but genetics don’t move that fast,” Gericke says. “Embryos help us speed things up, but once you pick a direction, you still have to stick with it and let it play out in the herd.”

Crossbreeding Gains Ground as Some Dairies Scale Back Jerseys

Wed, 22 Apr 2026 14:59:37 GMT

Not long ago, Jerseys were gaining ground on many dairies. Strong butterfat tests and a reputation for feed efficiency made the smaller brown cows an attractive option for producers chasing component premiums. In many herds, Jerseys filled that role well, especially when milk checks heavily rewarded fat.

But the advantage that once set Jerseys apart has narrowed. Years of genetic progress have pushed Holsteins to improve components while maintaining their high production levels. As that gap closes, some dairies that once leaned into Jerseys are beginning to reconsider the role the breed plays in their herds.

Changing Views on Herd Composition

This shift is easy for Jason Anderson to spot. As a dairy consultant with Progressive Dairy Solutions, he works with dairies across the western U.S. and says herd makeup conversations are happening more often.

“Jerseys made a lot of sense when butterfat premiums were really strong and producers were chasing components,” Anderson says. “But now that Holsteins are improving components and still bringing the production, some dairies are reevaluating that balance.”

(Jason Anderson)

That change is showing up in herd composition in different ways. Some producers who once expanded Jersey numbers are now leaning more toward Holsteins or rebalancing their breed mix, while others are turning to crossbreeding programs.

In each case, the goal is the same: select cows that fit the environment and the way milk is paid.

Payment Signals Are Shifting

Behind many breeding decisions is a change in how milk is valued. In some regions, processors are not only reducing premiums for high butterfat but also applying deductions when fat levels run too high relative to protein.

“[Processors] have taken the premium off fat a little bit because there’s been so much of it produced,” Anderson says. “Essentially, they’re trying to bring the protein-to-fat ratio closer together.”

Protein is playing a larger role as processors adjust product mixes, shifting emphasis in how milk is evaluated.

“We’re continually trying to increase protein content,” Anderson says. “You can push protein nutritionally with amino acids, but that can get expensive. Doing it genetically is a much cheaper approach.”

Because genetic change takes time to reach the bulk tank, producers are making breeding decisions based on where they expect markets to go, not just where they are today. For many operations, that outlook is shifting herd direction away from Jerseys and toward more Holstein influence.

Those market signals are also showing up in herd economics.

“Using data from our high-producing herds within PDS, Holsteins show about a $3.20 per cow advantage in gross margin compared to Jerseys,” Anderson says. “That comparison used the Adisseo MilkPay model, assuming a Jersey at 68 pounds of milk with 5.3% fat and a Holstein at 94 pounds with 4.3% fat, while holding feed efficiency constant.”

Crossbreeding Gains Momentum

While crossbreeding is not new to the industry, interest has grown as producers look for improvements in fertility, longevity and overall herd performance.

As production levels climbed through purebred genetics, some herds began to see more challenges with reproduction, metabolic stress and cow turnover, prompting them to rethink breeding goals.

By combining breeds, producers have been able to capture hybrid vigor, which often shows up in fertility, survival and resilience. Crossbreeding can also help improve production consistency and better balance components to match today’s milk pricing signals.

Anderson says many dairies are now several generations into structured crossbreeding systems.

(Jason Anderson)

“About half of one of my client’s herd is crosses, F1, F2, F3s, HoJos, whatever you want to call them,” Anderson says. “Our strategy is we’re breeding these crosses back to F1 bulls, and we’re working on our fifth generation.”

The result is improved fertility and lower replacement needs as cows remain productive longer.

“When cows stay in the herd longer, that changes the economics pretty quickly,” Anderson says. “You’re not raising as many replacements, and the cows that are in the herd have already paid off their rearing costs.”

Crossbreeding can also moderate cow size, helping animals fit more comfortably into modern facilities.

“A lot of producers want a more moderate cow that still produces well but is easier to manage,” Anderson says. “You can get that balance when you start combining breeds.”

The Herd Continues to Evolve

The way producers think about breed balance is shifting, and herd makeup is changing with it. Jerseys still have a place on many farms, but their numbers may slide back in some regions as producers rethink the balance with Holsteins.

(Jason Anderson)

“The industry used to have a very specific picture of the ideal cow,” Anderson says. “Now producers are thinking more about what works in their system and what makes the most economic sense.”

That flexibility is reshaping herds across the country, whether through crossbreeding or more targeted selection within Holsteins and Jerseys.

A decade ago, herd dynamics looked different from what we see today. Walk through a dairy barn ten years from now and the cows may look different once again. What will stay constant is the goal behind them: building a cow that fits the farm, the market and the future.

Rising Sexed Semen Use Signals Slow Rebound in Dairy Heifer Numbers

Mon, 20 Apr 2026 15:22:24 GMT

After years of breeding crossbred calves for the lofty beef market, dairy producers appear to be slowly shifting their practices to breed more heifers. According to Sarina Sharp, analyst with the Daily Dairy Report, “U.S. dairy producers prioritized heifer calf production last year, setting the stage for an incremental uptick in heifer supplies in years to come. It’s possible that U.S. dairy heifer head counts reached their low for the current cycle last year.”

Last year, dairy producers bought 10.6 million units of gender-selected semen, a 6.5% increase from 2024, according to the National Association of Animal Breeders (NAAB) annual sales report. Gender-selected semen last year accounted for 64% of all dairy semen sales.

“Producers looking to stock their new or expanded facilities likely drove the increased focus on dairy semen,” Sharp said. “But record-breaking beef calf prices also incentivized producers to breed for the beef market.”

Despite the modest shift in breeding practices, heifer supplies will likely remain relatively tight, especially if some calves are exported. According to the report, international demand for replacement heifers is increasing opportunities for U.S. dairy producers to generate more heifers for export.

“The rise in gender-selected dairy semen sales last year was large enough to arrest a five-year decline in overall semen units, highlighting a modest shift toward making more heifers,” Sharp noted. “Relentless advances in artificial insemination technologies, genetics, and on-farm breeding practices have improved conception rates for cows inseminated with gender-selected semen, boosting the potential increase in heifer calf births.”

The NAAB report also noted that producers are genomic testing a larger number of cows so they can produce replacement heifers from their best animals using gender-selected semen. They then use more beef semen for the rest of their herd to produce high-value calves for feedlots. Last year, NAAB sold 1.7 million units of beef semen to beef producers and 8.1 million units to dairies, up from 7.9 million in 2024.

Both dairy heifer and crossbred beef calves are extremely valuable and will likely remain so in the foreseeable future, Sharp said. In April, newborn crossbred calves set an all-time high above $1,900/head. “With the largest dairy herd in more than three decades, the industry can simultaneously increase births of dairy heifer and beef calves,” she added.

The Genetic Pivot: How 2026 Wellness Traits are Redefining Dairy Profitability

Fri, 10 Apr 2026 17:10:29 GMT

For decades, the perfect cow was defined by a single metric: the bulk tank. If she produced a mountain of milk, she stayed in the herd. But as the dairy industry enters 2026, the definition of success has undergone a radical transformation. Today’s producers are operating in a world where feed costs, heat stress, carbon footprints and supply chain demands are just as critical to the balance sheet as total pounds of milk.

To meet this complexity, genetic selection has evolved from a simple production index into a high-precision roadmap for survival. The recent 2026 updates to Zoetis’ Clarifide Plus and the Dairy Wellness Profit Index (DWP$) represent more than just incremental data points; they represent a strategic shift toward bulletproofing the dairy cow for a more volatile future.

The New Math of the $100 Gain

The core of the 2026 update is an economically weighted index designed to balance income drivers against expense drivers. In the current market, a genetic index must do more than predict output; it must predict the cost of that output.

According to Zoetis data, achieving a $100 increase in the DWP$ 2026 index translates into measurable lifetime profit across five critical pillars:

$61 in quality production — Modernizing the focus on components and volume.
$19 in antibiotic stewardship — Selecting for cows that naturally resist disease, reducing the need for intervention.
$8 in animal welfare — Prioritizing longevity and physical soundness.
$6 in fertility — Ensuring the cow stays on cycle and in the herd.
$6 in precision nutrition — Maximizing the conversion of feed to milk.

“The 2026 updates provide dairy producers with additional precision in breeding for cows that are profitable, efficient and sustainable,” says Nick Randle, senior marketing manager for U.S. dairy productivity and milk quality at Zoetis. The goal is to move away from blanket management and toward more precise animal care informed by predictive insights.

Breeding for a Warming World: Heat Resilience

One of the most significant additions to the 2026 toolkit is the introduction of DWP$ Heat. For decades, producers in the South and West have relied on mechanical cooling — fans, misters and cross-vent barns — to mitigate the devastating effects of the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). However, management alone has its limits.

Zoetis has introduced two new traits to tackle this biologically:

Fertility Heat Resilience (Z_FR) — This trait predicts the change in the probability of a first-service conception rate as THI increases.
Milk Heat Resilience (Z_MR) — This predicts the stability of daily milk production as the heat rises.

By incorporating these traits, producers can breed a herd that maintains its “cool” during the 20% of the year when heat stress typically ravages the bottom line. It’s a recognition that resilience and profitability are now inextricably linked.

The Feed Efficiency Frontier: Z_RFI and RUMiN

Feed remains the single largest expense on any dairy, often accounting for 65% of the total budget. Historically, selecting for feed efficiency was difficult because it was hard to measure on individual cows in a commercial setting.

The inclusion of Zoetis Residual Feed Intake (Z_RFI) changes that. This trait measures the dry matter intake that cannot be accounted for by milk production or body weight. In simpler terms: It identifies the cows that eat less than expected without sacrificing a single pound of milk. In validation analyses, the top 25% of animals ranked by Z_RFI consumed 2.2 lb. less dry matter per day than their peers. Across a 20,000-cow herd, that 2.2-lb. difference represents a staggering shift in the feed bill.

Simultaneously, the RUMiN trait predicts the genetic potential for enteric methane production. While methane was once seen only as an environmental metric, it is increasingly becoming a market-access requirement.

The Supply Chain Connection: The Danone Factor

The revolution in genetics is not just happening on the farm; it’s being driven by the processor. In 2024, Zoetis and Danone formed a strategic partnership to advance sustainable production. For a global giant like Danone, which has committed to cutting methane emissions by 30% by 2030, the genetic makeup of their suppliers’ herds is a critical lever.

“Genomic testing of our farmers’ herds plays an important role in our global methane reduction strategy,” says Anco van Schaik, global director of procurement at Danone. By selecting for the Milk Methane Intensity (Z_MI) trait, producers can demonstrate to their buyers that they are producing lower-carbon milk at scale. This isn’t just about being green; it’s about ensuring that a farm remains a preferred supplier in a carbon-conscious marketplace.

The graph shows a projection of the improvement in methane intensity in one of Danone’s dairy herds year over year based on its DWP$ genetic progress.

(Zoetis)

Proof of Concept: McCarty Family Farms

The theoretical value of these genetic updates is best illustrated by real-world results. At McCarty Family Farms in Rexford, Kan., the 2025 Milk Business Leader in Technology award winner the pursuit of genetic optimization has fueled a massive operational expansion.

In 2011, the McCartys milked 7,000 cows with an average daily production of 70 lb. per cow. Today, they milk nearly 20,000 cows, and their productivity has soared to over 100 lb. per cow daily.

“You can’t manage what you can’t measure,” Ken McCarty says. “We’ve increased productivity by almost 50%.”

But the growth wasn’t just in volume. By leveraging genomic insights like DWP$, the McCartys have driven their somatic cell count down to a range of 120,000 to 180,000 — a hallmark of superior animal welfare and milk quality.

For the McCartys, the focus on specific indexes like TPI and DWP$ with Clarifide Plus is the engine behind their mating and breeding strategies. It allows them to select for a cow that isn’t just a milk machine but rather a sustainable asset that fits their specific environmental and economic goals.

The End of the Average Cow

The 2026 update to Clarifide Plus and DWP$ marks the end of the era of the average cow. In a world of tight margins and high scrutiny, there is no longer room for animals that don’t pull their weight in efficiency, health and resilience.

By combining wellness, performance and sustainability into a single, profit-driven index, the industry is moving toward a more individualized form of animal care. As Brett Bristol, head of precision animal health at Zoetis, notes, the goal is to empower producers to “advance both environmental stewardship and overall herd profitability within a single, comprehensive index.”

For the modern dairy producer, the message is clear: The most valuable tool in the barn isn’t just the parlor or the feed wagon; it’s the DNA of the heifer standing in the hutch.

Beef-on-Dairy Has Come a Long Way, but Hurdles Still Remain

Fri, 27 Mar 2026 19:10:42 GMT

Beef-on-dairy has evolved rapidly in just a few short years. What started as a way to add value to surplus dairy calves has become a major and increasingly refined part of the beef supply.

In a short period of time, the industry has refined genetics, improved calf value and built stronger connections between the dairy and beef sectors. But while adoption has grown rapidly, the system isn’t perfect, and several hurdles still remain.

During an episode of “The Beef Podcast Show,” Dr. Tara Felix from Penn State University discussed some of these challenges.

Disconnected Calf Management

One of the biggest hurdles starts at birth. Many dairy producers sell calves shortly after they’re born, meaning they rarely see the long-term impact of early management decisions.

“The calf is born and then it leaves,” Felix says. “[Dairy producers are] taking that extra money and letting the calf be someone else’s problem.”

That mindset shows how early calf care is often disconnected from how the animal performs later. Some of the most important decisions, such as making sure the calf gets good colostrum, happen in the first few hours of life. But linking those early decisions to final carcass value remains difficult.

“We have very few longitudinal studies, from birth all the way to slaughter, to convince those calf ranches [and dairy producers] that they need to be making a difference,” Felix adds.

A Fragmented Supply Chain

Beef-on-dairy calves typically pass through multiple operations before harvest, creating a system where responsibility and information are often disconnected.

“We send them from the dairy to the wet calf ranch, then to the grower ranch, then to the feedlot, and finally to the packer,” Felix says.

That fragmented structure makes it difficult to track animals from birth to carcass and share performance data across the supply chain.

“There’s a big opportunity to track beef-on-dairy cattle through the whole system, get that information back, and use it to make improvements,” Felix says.

More vertically integrated systems could help close those gaps.

“There are already parts of the beef-on-dairy industry that are becoming what I would call vertically integrated,” Felix says. “They’re the perfect model.”

She believes more of these integrated operations will emerge in the future as the industry looks for ways to connect early management with final performance.

Missing Research on Young Calves

Despite rapid growth in beef-on-dairy, there are still major gaps in research, particularly during the early growth period.

“We know very little about calves between 250 and 450 pounds. I see a huge gap in our knowledge about rumen development, especially for beef-on-dairy calves,” Felix says.

Calves often move quickly from individual hutches into group feeding systems before their rumens are fully developed.

“We take these calves out of the hutch, put some feed in front of them, and expect them to adapt on their own, even though their rumens aren’t fully developed,” Felix says.

Early health events during that time can also affect carcass quality much later.

“These calves can be impacted at 60 days of age with an insult that’s going to ultimately end up messing up their marbling characteristics,” Felix says.

Health Challenges at the Finish Line

Even when cattle reach the feedlot, health issues can still impact value. Liver abscesses remain a persistent concern in some regions, and researchers still don’t fully understand how these infections begin or how long they persist in the animal.

“I think it’s critical to figure out what the heck is causing this issue, and where it’s starting,” Felix says. “These are all things that we really don’t have any idea about.”

The System is Here to Stay

Despite the challenges, the role of beef-on-dairy in the beef supply is unlikely to shrink.

“Beef-on-dairy is here to stay. So, let’s be clear about that,” Felix says.

The next phase will depend on closing knowledge gaps, improving data flow through the supply chain and refining calf management from birth forward. As those hurdles are addressed, the industry will be better positioned to turn a fast-growing concept into a fully optimized production system.

U.S. Bovine Semen Slipped 4% in 2025, Exports Hit Record $327M

Tue, 17 Mar 2026 19:06:21 GMT

Even with a major export market disappearing early in the year, the U.S. bovine genetics industry proved its resilience in 2025.

New data from the National Association of Animal Breeders (NAAB) , which represents roughly 95% of the U.S. artificial insemination industry, shows total semen sales slipped about 4% in 2025 to just under 66 million units - a decline of 2.9 million compared with 2024, effectively giving back last year’s modest gain. However, the industry offset much of that loss through stronger beef demand, expanded export markets and continued shifts in dairy breeding strategies.

China Closes Doors, Global Markets Evolve

In February 2025, U.S. bovine semen exports to China came to an abrupt standstill after Chinese authorities halted the issuance of required veterinary health certificates, cutting off one of the industry’s key export channels. The disruption stemmed from regulatory and trade tensions, not animal health concerns. Without the certificates, U.S. exporters had to redirect product to other markets.

“While dairy unit exports were down due to the closure of the China market, exports to other countries increased, which significantly reduced the impact of the closure,” says Jay Weiker, president of NAAB.

Even with China offline, robust interest from Europe, Brazil, North Africa and South Asia helped steady the export picture.

“The industry not only stabilized but continued to advance by strengthening long-standing markets and opening new ones,” says NAAB international program director Sophie Eaglen.

The closure of China also reshaped the list of top semen buyers by value. In 2025, the United Kingdom led the rankings, followed by Italy and Mexico. Brazil led in total units imported, followed by Mexico and Russia. Overall, 46 markets imported over $1 million in U.S. semen, accounting for 94% of export units and 95% of export value.

A Down Year for Dairy

The U.S. dairy semen market experienced a substantial decline in 2025, reflecting ongoing shifts in breeding strategies and global market pressures. Total dairy unit sales, including domestic, export and custom-collected units, fell 6% compared to 2024, a loss of roughly 3 million units, bringing the total to 45.8 million.

Despite the overall decline, domestic use showed a slight rebound, increasing 2% to 16.5 million units, or nearly 367,000 additional units. Sexed semen continued to dominate U.S. herds, rising 6% to 10.6 million units and now accounting for 64% of all dairy semen used domestically. Conventional dairy semen declined by 280,000 units, highlighting the continued trend toward precision breeding and genomic selection.

Exports for dairy semen totaled 28.3 million units, down about 2.5 million from 2024. The early-year closure of the China market contributed to the drop, but exports to other countries, particularly across Europe, Brazil, North Africa and South Asia, helped offset much of the lost volume. NAAB says strong international demand for replacement heifers continues to create opportunities for U.S. dairy producers.

Beef Semen Sees a Bump

The beef segment saw modest growth in 2025, reversing a multi-year decline. Total beef semen sales increased by 1%, or roughly 122,000 units, to reach 20.2 million units. Domestic use accounted for most of that growth, with beef units sold into beef herds rising 7% for the second consecutive year. In total, 9.8 million beef units were used domestically, with 8.1 million going into dairy herds and 1.7 million used in traditional beef herds.

Heterospermic beef semen, which combines genetics from multiple sires in a single straw, remains a significant portion of the market, though it declined from its 2024 peak of 2.8 million units to just over 2 million in 2025. Domestically, heterospermic units represented 2 million of the total, with 400,000 units exported. Angus remains the dominant beef breed, followed by crossbreeds and heterospermic products.

Export demand for beef genetics also continues to expand. Total beef semen exports grew 13% to 5.5 million units, underscoring the global appetite for U.S. genetics even as total semen unit exports declined overall.

Beef-on-Dairy Genetics Hold Steady

Beef-on-dairy genetics have become an increasingly important strategy for U.S. dairy producers, and 2025 was no exception. Domestic use remained steady at 8.1 million units, while exports of beef-on-dairy semen grew 13%, adding approximately 279,000 units.

This segment is fueled by genomic selection strategies that allow dairy producers to produce replacement heifers from their best animals while using beef sires on the remainder of the herd to create high-value F1 calves for feedlots. Adoption is also growing internationally, with rising demand for F1 calves and crossbred genetics, reinforcing the role of U.S. dairy producers in meeting both domestic and global needs.

Adaptive Trends and Future Opportunities

Despite the year’s unit declines, the industry is adjusting and finding its footing as global demand shifts and new breeding tools and market opportunities come along.

“Trends in semen usage reflect producers’ efforts to improve genetic outcomes and economic returns in an evolving marketplace,” Weiker says. “NAAB members should be complimented for their commitment to developing new markets and increasing market share in strategically important markets. There are many positives that can be gleaned from the 2025 results.”

With export value at record levels and beef-on-dairy strategies growing, the industry appears positioned for continued adaptation and progress in years ahead.

Are Beef-on-Dairy Calf Prices the New $24 Milk?

Mon, 09 Mar 2026 22:29:10 GMT

The rise of beef‑on‑dairy has changed the way many farms think about their finances. What began as an extra source of income is now a major contributor to overall profitability, especially during a year of tight milk markets. In fact, some industry leaders argue that beef revenue now rivals, and in some cases exceeds, the profit generated from milk itself.

“You guys may be in the beef business more than you are in the dairy business, ” says Gregg Doud, president and CEO of the National Milk Producers Federation, during this year’s Professional Dairy Producers conference.

This shift has happened quickly. Not long ago, beef revenue represented a relatively small portion of dairy income. But today, the need for more beef has dramatically increased the value of calves leaving the farm.

“At the end of 2022 on the farm, the average dairy was getting paid about a $1 to $1.50 a hundredweight in beef equivalent revenue,” says Mike North, President of the Producer Division at Ever.Ag “Today, that number is north of $5. We’ve tripled that part of the financials. It’s a massive opportunity.”

Filling the Cattle Gap

One of the biggest reasons beef-on-dairy has grown so quickly is simple: the beef industry needs more cattle. In recent years, the U.S. beef cow herd has shrunk due to weather, high input costs and lower heifer retention, tightening the supply of calves for feedlots.

That shortage has pushed feedlots to turn to beef-on-dairy calves to fill pens, which has driven calf prices higher and created a source of income that’s becoming hard to overlook.

“Beef has become a major contributor to our revenue stream,” says Will Babler, principal at Atten Babler Risk Management LLC. “And it’s not going away. These prices may not last forever, but they won’t go back to what they used to be.”

Rebuilding the national beef herd takes time, and until more heifers are retained, the number of feeder calves available will remain tight, keeping demand strong for crossbred cattle.

“The question I get asked most often is how long is this going to last,” Doud says. “The answer is a minimum of three to five years. If you take that [beef] heifer and you retain her, then her offspring become steak at the grocery store. How long does that take? The answer is a minimum of three years. So this does not change in terms of what these [prices] can do.”

A Protein Driven Future

Consumer demand is also a major factor behind the momentum. Even as retail prices climb, beef continues to hold a strong place in American diets, and restaurants and retailers have largely kept it on the menu. That steady demand keeps pressure on the supply chain to find cattle wherever they can be produced efficiently.

“Six years ago, if you would have told that a steak could rise from $30 all the way to $65 and restaurants would still be full on a Tuesday night, I would have told you you were crazy,” Doud says. “But we’ve done it. This is demand driven. The U.S. consumer loves that product.”

The trend isn’t limited to the U.S. market. Globally, demand for animal protein continues to grow, and Doud believes supply will struggle to keep pace.

“If you look over the next 10 years and beyond, the supply of animal protein in the world with beef, pork, poultry and dairy comes nowhere near meeting the demand,” he says. “The current demand for protein in the world is unbelievable.”

A Market on Fire

In today’s market, beef-on-dairy calves are pulling in prices that would have seemed unimaginable just a few years ago. Day-old calves can sell for more than $1,500, and in some regions, even higher. That kind of money has producers paying attention in the same way they do when milk prices hit rare highs. North compares the current beef-on-dairy market to $24 milk.

“What should one do with $24 milk?” he asked. “Walk quietly into the sunset and say, we’ll wait to see if it gets better?”

With prices sitting at all‑time highs, this isn’t the moment to step back.

“That’s where we’re at on beef right now,” he says. “We’re talking about all-time records, and you just don’t walk away from those and say, ‘Ah, I’ll check back in next month.’ That’s not how we approach markets like this. You’ve got to go after it.”

Part of what makes beef-on-dairy calves so valuable is the consistency and predictability they bring. Feedlots appreciate that these animals perform reliably and arrive in good condition.

“The buyers love these crossbred calves,” Babler says. “They have figured out how to get them to perform, and they show up on time. None of this is going to change.”

He believes that dairies bring more to the table than just animal performance. They also bring traceability, which could create additional opportunities for premium value.

“When you get into the packer community and start having conversations, not only do they love them, but there’s an extra set of opportunities attached to this animals,” Babler says. “Producers know their breeding decision, when that calf was born and every treatment it received, all the way up to that point of sale.”

That combination of predictability and traceability is why he believes beef-on-dairy brings more to the table.

“I’ve said for the last years it’s my belief that premium beef in the United States will be held largely by dairymen because of the extra benefits that these animals bring as they go to market,” Babler says.

Babler adds that the impact is clear on farms right now, and even when the market eventually levels out, the interest and value of these calves are here to stay.

“We have all realized the benefit of beef revenue on the dairy right now,” he says. “I’m really optimistic about where this beef and dairy intersection is going. We know that it may go higher, but we also know there’s going to be a reset. We just don’t know when. The good news is that even when it resets, the amount of beef value and interest on these cattle I just don’t see going away whatsoever.”

A Long-Term Opportunity

Ask any producer participating in a beef-on-dairy program and they will quickly tell you how it has become a major force in their farm’s profitability. Record-high prices and strong demand from feedlots have made this market impossible to ignore.

For many operations, selling crossbred calves has become a regular part of the business. And in years of low milk prices, that extra value can make a real difference in keeping finances steady.

Zoetis to Acquire Neogen’s Animal Genomics Business

Mon, 02 Mar 2026 13:12:29 GMT

Today, Neogen Corporation , an innovative leader in food safety solutions, announced it has entered into a definitive agreement to sell its global genomics business to Zoetis Inc. , the world’s leading animal health company, for $160 million, subject to customary closing adjustments.

Neogen’s planned divestiture, which had been previously announced, was part of the company’s portfolio review strategy to simplify the business and focus on core strategic markets.

“Neogen’s genomics business ( GeneSeek ) has been a pioneer in advanced DNA testing for livestock and has set a high standard for innovation across the livestock sector, with globally recognized solutions spanning genomic prediction, herd improvement and data integration,” says Tom Schultz, Neogen head of commercial global genomics."We’re excited to build on that foundation in our future with Zoetis and to continue advancing tools that strengthen animal health, performance and overall profitability. Customers can expect a thoughtful transition and continued excellent service,”

According to a Zoetis release , “This acquisition aligns directly with Zoetis’ strategy to drive future livestock innovation through genomics, reinforcing its commitment to livestock producers worldwide and advancing its precision animal health portfolio. By integrating Neogen’s genomic technologies and data solutions, Zoetis is expanding its capabilities to deliver predictive insights, individualized care and greater value to customers across major livestock and companion animal species.”

Neogen’s genomics business serves customers in more than 120 countries through its five laboratories in the U.S., Brazil, Australia, China and the United Kingdom, as well as an office location in Canada. The business leverages a comprehensive genotyping platform of fixed array and sequencing technologies, as well as software solutions that empower customers to make informed and data-driven decisions. The business is a leader in U.S. beef and dairy genomics , and its cutting-edge technologies enable highly accurate, scalable genetic testing and deeper insights into animal health, productivity and sustainability.

“This transaction is part of the company’s strategic portfolio review and allows the company to accelerate de-leveraging and improve profitability going forward,” says Mike Nassif, Neogen’s chief executive officer and president. “Furthermore, this deal allows us to focus in areas where the company has the most significant competitive advantage and further leverage our core capabilities in food and animal safety. We are committed to a smooth transition for customers, employees and other stakeholders, and believe the business is well positioned to thrive under Zoetis’ ownership.”

GeneSeek has been a pioneer in advanced DNA testing for livestock and companion animal industries, leveraging a global presence to deliver highly accurate, data-driven insights that contribute to improved animal performance and health, as well as profitability, in the beef, dairy and other industries. Through the flagship Igenity and GGP portfolio and rapid turnaround times, the business offers returns-focused genomic tools and globally recognized standards in genomic prediction to accelerate herd improvement and enable genomics trait screening. Supported by the Encompass platform for genomic data integration and strategic partnerships advancing DNA-backed traceability, GeneSeek is committed to continued innovation and scientific excellence.

“We’re excited to build on our innovative genomics portfolio offerings in our future with Zoetis and to continue advancing tools that strengthen overall animal health, performance, and profitability,” Schultz says. “At Zoetis, genomics becomes a core part of a company fully dedicated to animal health. Zoetis brings deep scientific capabilities, operational scale, and a long-term commitment to genetics and data.”

Jamie Brannan, Zoetis chief commercial officer, adds, “The addition of Neogen’s genomics business strengthens our commitment to advancing animal health through innovation, data and technology. As we continue to grow our leading innovative solutions in Precision Animal Health, this acquisition brings complementary capabilities that expand predictive insights and individualized care, enabling us to deliver added value to customers. Together, we are shaping the future of animal health, empowering customers with the tools they need to support healthier animals and sustainable livestock production globally.”

The transaction is expected to close by the end of the first half of the company’s 2027 fiscal year, subject to regulatory approval and customary closing conditions. The net proceeds from the transaction are expected to be used primarily for debt reduction. The Neogen genomics business generated approximately $90 million in sales during fiscal year 2025.

“At the time of the announcement, nothing will change,” Schultz explains. “Our customers’ contacts and ordering processes remain the same — products, services and support also remain the same. Customers can expect a thoughtful transition, continued service continuity, and future benefits from Zoetis’ focus in the business. Any changes will be communicated well in advance.”

Zoetis says it is committed to a seamless integration, supporting continuity for colleagues and customers, and building on Neogen’s legacy of innovation in genomics.

Beef-on-Dairy is Becoming a Bigger Engine for the Beef Supply Chain

Thu, 26 Feb 2026 20:58:54 GMT

Beef-on-dairy has become a significant part of the U.S. beef supply over the past decade, gaining momentum much like a freight train that keeps picking up speed. In fact, roughly 20% of today’s beef now traces back to a dairy cow, reflecting how integrated dairy production has become with the broader beef value chain.

And according to Matthew Cleveland of ABS Global and Nick Hardcastle of Cargill North America, that momentum shows no signs of slowing down.

“I think we’re all aware of the scope and magnitude of what beef-on-dairy has become and the significant role it plays within our beef supply chain today,” Cleveland noted during a panel at the 2026 National Cattlemen’s Beef Association conference.

He says the sector’s growth has also changed how the dairy and beef industries view one another. Rather than operating as separate segments, the lines between them have blurred.

“The dairy business is a big part of the beef business,” Cleveland says. “I don’t even like to separate them now. We’re all in the beef business, and we value partnership with our dairy producers.”

As beef-on-dairy has expanded, more attention has turned to decisions made on the dairy, where breeding choices directly influence how those calves perform all the way through the beef system.

Breeding With the Beef End in Mind

In the early days of beef-on-dairy, breeding decisions were driven largely by convenience rather than genetic intent. Beef semen was often selected based on price and availability rather than how those genetics would fit the needs of the beef sector.

“Before people really started thinking about beef sire genetics on dairy cows, there wasn’t much consideration for what those genetics actually were,” Cleveland says. “Most decisions came down to what semen was already in the tank or what was free. The main goal was simply getting the cow pregnant.”

That approach began to change as the industry started to see beef-on-dairy as a long-term genetic opportunity rather than just a reproductive tool.

“We began looking at beef‑on‑dairy more seriously from a genetic improvement standpoint around 2012,” Cleveland says. “We started to see the signals that beef-on-dairy was growing.”

Not long after, dedicated breeding programs were being developed across genetic companies to address the needs of both dairy producers and the beef supply chain. Today, Cleveland says those programs continue to evolve, with commercial performance data feeding back into genetic evaluations to drive ongoing improvement.

From ‘Black Holsteins’ to Beef-Calf Performance

During the early days of beef-on-dairy, crossbred calves exposed real challenges for the beef industry. Cleveland notes that many of these animals were simply viewed as “black Holsteins,” which cooled enthusiasm among packers.

“If you think back to 2013-14, you were just trying to create a black calf,” he notes. “We weren’t seeing the performance that you would expect from a beef calf. And for a few years, I think that soured the supply chain on the idea of beef-on-dairy.”

As sire selection became more intentional, however, performance improved. By 2017-18, Cleveland says calves coming from dairy cows began to more closely resemble traditional beef calves.

“We had to create animals that were going to perform,” Cleveland says. “And for us, that was really about focusing our genetic improvement to ensure we selected for the right things each segment wanted.”

Some of those genetic improvements included:

Fertility and calving traits for dairies
Feed efficiency and growth traits for feedyards
Carcass merit and consistency traits for the packers

According to Cleveland, these efforts have helped beef-on-dairy calves perform more like native beef cattle. And by focusing on traits that matter for dairies, feedyards and packers, the beef-on-dairy animals that we know today are much more consistent and valuable.

Performance Trends from the Packer’s Rail

With beef-on-dairy calves now performing more like traditional beef cattle, packers see that consistency as essential for maintaining quality and keeping cattle moving through the system.

“Beef-on-dairy is a very important thing for the beef industry right now, especially when we’re talking about capacity,” Hardcastle says. “We have to make sure we have a beef population that can meet our consumers’ demand.”

Importantly, he emphasizes that these animals are not bringing down overall standards in the beef industry.

“They’re good for the consumer,” Hardcastle says. “Tenderness data shows they perform very well, making a positive impact. These aren’t just animals being blended in that lower beef quality; they actually help improve it.”

He references Cleveland’s remarks, highlighting how focused breeding and feeding approaches have contributed to stronger quality grades.

“Over the past five years, we’ve seen quality grade continuously improve,” he says. “Back in 2021, these animals graded 80% Choice or better. Today they’re leveling at about 92% Choice.”

Hardcastle says beef-on-dairy cattle are also making a notable contribution to Prime.

“From a marbling perspective, almost two-thirds of these cattle could qualify for upper two-thirds Choice,” he says. “The ones that don’t usually fall short because of factors like hot carcass weight, ribeye size and fat thickness.”

From a carcass quality perspective, Hardcastle says beef-on-dairy is delivering the kind of results the industry needs. They’re grading well, adding stability to supply and proving they can hold their own in a system that demands both consistency and performance.

Processing Challenges Inside the Plant

Even as grades and marbling improve, processors are still working through carcass traits that affect returns, particularly excess kidney, pelvic and heart (KPH) fat. Hardcastle explains that beef-on-dairy cattle often mirror their Holstein roots, tending to carry more KPH fat than native beef animals.

“From a packing perspective, you pay for a carcass with the kidney, pelvic and heart fat in it, but that fat can’t be sold as beef,” Hardcastle says. “It ends up in the tallow market at 50 to 60 cents a pound, compared with about $3.60 on a beef grid, creating an immediate value loss.”

On today’s heavier carcasses, even modest differences in KPH can add up.

“If I have a 950-lb. carcass, which is pretty common today, that can mean about 12 extra pounds of internal fat instead of saleable meat,” he says. “That difference can cost $30 to $40 per head.”

These carcass differences are also highlighting the limits of traditional yield grade assumptions.

“Yield grade is meant to estimate how much salable red meat a carcass will produce,” Hardcastle explains.

Based on ribeye size, backfat and carcass weight, beef-on-dairy cattle should cut better than native beef, but yield grades often don’t reflect their true performance.

“Yield grade and beef-on-dairy really aren’t closely related,” he says. “Research shows that yield grading doesn’t reliably predict cutability or value for Holsteins or beef-on-dairy cattle.”

This mismatch shows that standard measures like yield grade, internal fat and weight don’t always capture the real value of beef-on-dairy animals, making it challenging for processors to price and sort them at the rail. To address this, Cargill is testing new technology called SizeR to capture 3D carcass measurements at chain speed.

“So, we can evaluate the full composition of these animals, not just traditional ribeye and fat thickness,” Hardcastle says. “This will help feeders and geneticists be able to better target the right traits to improve cutability and consistency.”

Growing and Permanent Force

Each year, millions of beef-on-dairy calves enter the market, providing a reliable source of high-quality cattle that deliver value from the dairy all the way to the packer.

“We have somewhere in the neighborhood of 3 [million] to 3.5 million beef-on-dairy calves in the market today, which obviously represents a significant proportion of that beef supply chain,” Cleveland adds.

That presence is prompting both dairy and beef participants to think differently about their place in the larger system.

“At every stage, from the dairy to the feedyard to the packer, these animals are performing and adding value,” Hardcastle says. “We understand the significance of beef-on-dairy, and we know that beef-on-dairy is not going away.”

As the industry continues to refine how these cattle are evaluated and managed, beef-on-dairy is positioned to remain a dependable contributor to both supply and consumer demand. With ongoing genetic gains and strong beef demand fueling the engine, the sector is gaining momentum and becoming a permanent fixture in the beef supply chain.

Why Fiber Quality Matters More for Beef-on-Dairy

Thu, 05 Feb 2026 22:33:19 GMT

On paper, a beef-on-dairy steer may look about the same as conventional beef at finishing. But at the bunk and in the rumen, it’s a very different animal.

While physically these animals are identical, beef-on-dairy cattle are running on a more expensive engine, according to University of Nebraska beef systems Extension educator Alfredo Di Costanzo. During his recent webinar on beef-on-dairy fiber requirements, he used grazing data to highlight the different fiber needs for this terminal cross.

Different Genetics, Different Requirements

During a recent study, when Di Costanzo compared beef breeds to beef-on-dairy animals on pasture, the results were consistent. The traditional beef cattle converted forage to gain more efficiently, while the beef-on-dairy group gained more slowly and finished at lighter weights. To Di Costanzo, it showed the genetic influence of the dairy breed increases the energy required for growth.

“Because I put dairy [genetics] on this beef animal, the maintenance requirements have gone up,” he explains. “If we’re going to increase fiber inclusion, we’re going to have to do it with a better-quality forage.”

Why Low-Quality Fiber Doesn’t Cut It

The challenge is not just that beef-on-dairy cattle use more energy. It is also how quickly feed moves through their systems.

Dairy and dairy-cross animals tend to have a faster rate of passage through the rumen, Di Costanzo notes. That may not sound like a major difference, but it changes what kind of forage they can actually use. A stemmy, lower-quality roughage a beef steer might handle fairly well can end up acting like little more than gut fill in a Holstein-influenced calf.

While this study focused on cattle on pasture, the same idea applies at the feed bunk.

Di Costanzo explains lower-quality fiber does not stay in the rumen long enough to be properly digested for these beef-on-dairy crosses. In nutrition terms, that can create negative effects where poor-quality roughage drags down the performance of the entire ration by taking up space without delivering much energy in return.

“Lower quality forage, for me, means less time for ruminal digestion and more time, too, for negative associative effects,” Di Costanzo warns.

Those negative effects can show up as lower total digestibility, poorer feed efficiency and more variability in intake, especially when cattle are already being pushed on a high‑concentrate program. For beef‑on‑dairy cattle, that means cheap, low‑quality roughage is rarely worth the investment. Di Costanzo notes every pound of dry matter must work harder, making junk roughage a poor economic fit.

Is Cheap Roughage Costing You Gain?

Biologically, cattle can get by on very little fiber if energy and protein are there, Di Costanzo notes.

“At zero or near-zero inclusion of fiber in the diet, cattle are continuing to thrive,” he adds. “There’s really no NDF requirement for maintenance or growth.”

But in a real‑world feeding program, beef‑on‑dairy cattle need rations that turn a profit, not just keep them alive. That’s why Di Costanzo warns against using cheap, low‑quality hay or residues just to say the diet has enough roughage.

Instead, he suggests aiming for about 10% to 15% NDF from good‑quality forage. For many feed yards, that might mean favoring well‑processed silages or higher‑quality forages over the cheapest roughage available. The goal isn’t to stuff the rumen. It’s to support muscle gain without sacrificing efficiency.

Quality Over Quantity

Fiber decisions are not just about keeping the rumen healthy. They also affect how cattle perform on feed and the value you get when it’s time to sell.

Adding more fiber to beef-on-dairy diets can help support greater feed intake, but there’s a limit. Average daily gain starts to drop quickly once physically effective NDF goes above about 15.5%, and feed conversion efficiency also declines. The challenge for producers and nutritionists is finding the sweet spot where cattle eat enough without slowing growth.

Overall, the type of NDF is less important than making sure cattle get the right amount of good-quality fiber. Hitting that balance helps support intake, maintain feed efficiency and keep beef-on-dairy steers performing at their best. For beef on dairy cattle, a well-planned grower ration with the right balance of concentrate and quality fiber can set cattle up for a better finish.

The 3-Year Bet: Navigating Semen Choices and Herd Dynamics

Thu, 05 Feb 2026 15:54:07 GMT

In the high-stakes world of dairy management, a single decision made in the breeding lane can echo through a farm’s balance sheet for years. When a producer stands with a straw of semen in hand, they aren’t just breeding a cow; they are making a three-year financial and biological investment.

On a recent episode of the “Dairy Health Blackbelt Podcast,” Daryl Nydam, a professor of dairy health and production at Cornell University, sat down with Craig McConnel, an associate professor and director of veterinary medicine extension at Washington State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine , to discuss the complex intersection of herd dynamics, semen selection and long-term sustainability. Nydam’s message to producers is clear: While short-term cash flow is tempting, the long-term health of the dairy depends on maintaining the right number of replacements to ensure every stall is occupied by an efficient animal.

3-Year Investment Cycle

The fundamental challenge of replacement planning is the significant lead time required to bring a new animal into the milking string. As Nydam points out, a breeding decision made today involves a nine-month gestation period followed by approximately two years of growth before that animal begins producing milk.

“It’s really hard to predict your replacement needs three years forward,” Nydam explains. “Are we going to invest in sexed semen so we have enough replacements in three years, or are we going to try to shortcut that for quick cash flow?”

This shortcut usually involves breeding dairy cows to beef bulls to produce a high-value crossbred calf. While this provides an immediate sizable check at the farm gate, it reduces the pool of future replacements, effectively locking the producer into their current herd structure for years to come.

The ‘Black Calf’ Bubble

The rise of the beef-on-dairy market has fundamentally shifted the math for many producers. What began as a $500 premium for a crossbred calf has climbed to $750, then $1,000 and even higher in some regions.

“I don’t know where this bubble is going to go, but those things markedly influence herd replacement rates and therefore the dynamics of the herd,” Nydam says.

The temptation of immediate cash can lead to overbreeding to beef. When producers curtail their replacement pipeline to capture calf checks, they lose their most important management tool: the ability to cull. Nydam argues that if you don’t have an available heifer, you cannot make the most efficient cow-by-cow decisions; you are forced to keep underperforming or unhealthy cows simply to keep the stalls full.

The Culling Conundrum

From a veterinary perspective, culling is often seen through the lens of health: replacing a cow because she is sick or open. However, Nydam encourages a more management-centric view.

“If you show up on any dairy on any day, can you find one cow that you would like to replace that day?” Nydam says. “It’s really rare that I go to a dairy and say there are no cows here that I want to replace today.”

The ability to act on that instinct depends entirely on having a heifer ready to calve. As Nydam puts it: “A sick cow today doesn’t cause a heifer to calve two years ago.” If the replacement wasn’t planned for 36 months in advance, the producer is stuck with the “40-pound cow” that is dragging down the herd’s average efficiency.

Sustainability and the ‘Maintenance Dilution’

Beyond the immediate economics, the balance of replacements has a significant impact on a farm’s environmental footprint. Sustainability in dairy is largely a game of diluting maintenance costs.

A lactating cow requires a significant amount of energy and dry-matter intake just to maintain her body before she produces a single drop of milk. High-producing, efficient cows dilute that maintenance tax over a larger volume of milk.

“Having a few extra heifers is actually less resource-intensive versus not having the most efficiently productive lactating cows,” Nydam says. He adds that while a yearling heifer eats 20-25 lb. of dry matter, a lactating cow eats 55-60 lb. Keeping an inefficient cow because you lack a replacement heifer is a far greater waste of resources than raising a small surplus of heifers to ensure only the best cows remain in the herd.

Balancing Cash Flow with Strategy

Nydam acknowledges that “cash is king” and the revenue from crossbred calves is a vital part of the modern dairy business model. However, he cautions against sacrificing long-term profitability for short-term liquidity.

The goal for 2026 and beyond should be a strategic middle ground. By using tools to predict future replacement needs and understanding the marginal milk value required to offset a beef-cross calf check, producers can fine-tune their herd structure.

Ultimately, long-term sustainability is about having the most efficient animal in every slot on the dairy, all the time. Achieving that requires looking past today’s calf check and planning for the milk check of 2028.

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The 2026 Dairy Outlook: Navigating Volatility, Genetics and the Beef-on-Dairy Revolution

Thu, 29 Jan 2026 14:51:46 GMT

The dairy industry has long been a landscape of shock and awe, where market dynamics can shift from surplus to scarcity in a matter of weeks. As industry leaders gathered at the International Dairy Foods Association Dairy Forum earlier this week, the focus turned toward 2026 — a year projected to be defined by massive processing investments, a structural shift in herd genetics and a fundamental change in how dairy farmers generate revenue.

Moderated by Mike Brown, vice president of dairy market intelligence, T.C. Jacoby & Company, a panel of experts including Eric Meyer, president of HighGround Dairy; Corey Geiger, lead economist at CoBank; Alison Krebs, director of dairy and trade policy at Leprino Foods Company; and Betsy Erdelyi, managing director at BMO, dissected the forces that will shape the next 24 months of global dairy.

The Component Surge and the Aging Herd

For decades, the primary metric of success in dairy was fluid volume. That era is over. According to Meyer, the industry is witnessing a decoupling of cow numbers and output. While U.S. milk production has seen growth over 3% in recent months, the real story lies in “richer” milk.

“Not only are farmers adding cows, but they are also making richer milk with strong butterfat and protein components,” Meyer notes.

This is not a temporary trend. Geiger points out 61% of the gain in butterfat over the current era is tied directly to genetics.

“The dairy cow is the most researched animal on Earth,” Geiger says. “We have more tools in the toolbox to change butterfat levels than ever before, and those genetic gains are permanent.”

However, a shadow looms over the replacement pipeline. Geiger highlights a looming constraint: there are roughly 700,000 fewer milk replacements coming into the system for 2026. As a result, the national dairy herd is getting older. While older cows produce more components, they also face more metabolic challenges, creating a delicate balancing act for producers trying to maintain the current 30-year high in milking herd numbers.

The Beef-on-Dairy Safety Net

Perhaps the most significant game changer evolving in the industry is the rise of beef-on-dairy. With the U.S. beef cow herd at its smallest level since 1951, dairy producers have stepped in to fill the void.

“Dairy farmers are now making money from beef income in a way we’ve never seen,” Meyer explains. “At current prices, beef is adding $4.00 to $4.50 per hundredweight to the revenue side.”

This creates a new economic reality: even when milk prices soften, the black calf provides a margin of safety that prevents the immediate contraction of milk supply. Geiger adds that because these calves are often sold at just 1-to-3 days old, the dairy producer “harvests the economic coupon” with almost zero risk, passing the feeding and gain risks to the beef sector.

The $11 Billion Investment Wave

On the processing side, the industry is in the midst of a massive capital infusion. Krebs notes approximately $11 billion is currently being invested in new plant capacity. However, this investment requires regulatory modernization, and Krebs emphasizes the importance of the new congressionally authorized cost-of-processing studies.

“Working off 2006 cost data in 2025 created a disconnect,” Krebs says. “Having independent, third-party data every two years will give the industry the confidence to continue reinvesting rather than just trying to get through.”

Erdelyi cautions while the investment is flowing, the “cost of construction is here to stay.” The days of transitory inflation are gone, and wages and materials remain elevated.

“What interest rates have done is really escalating and elevated the overall cost of operations and overall cost of investment,” Erdelyi says. “And that has really made some operating pause on whether or not they want to invest. It’s harder to pencil out the project and get the ROI when interest rates have escalated the way they have over the last several years.”

However, there is a silver lining in the financial markets. BMO predicts three interest rate cuts in 2026— occurring in March, June and September — which could provide the necessary oxygen for further industry expansion.

Trade Headwinds and the Global Race

While the U.S. enjoys a competitive advantage due to lower production costs and beef-on-dairy revenue, the global trade environment remains fraught. Krebs warns of the “double-edged sword” of trade policy. While the U.S. has seen limited progress in markets like Malaysia and Cambodia, competitors are moving faster.

The recent signing of the EU-Mercosur deal — a 25-year negotiation — puts U.S. dairy at a potential disadvantage in South American markets as European tariffs drop.

“Trade is being used more aggressively as an answer for international conflict,” Krebs notes, making it difficult for U.S. businesses to forecast long-term export growth.

Labor, Water and the AI Offset

As plants become more technical and expensive, the “unpaid family labor” of the past is being replaced by high-tech automation and artificial intelligence. Erdelyi says AI is already being used to replace visual inspection roles on production lines and to manage cow health in real time.

“AI is going to be an offset to labor shortages,” Erdelyi explains. “It’s helping to get rid of labor needs while drawing in the highly skilled IT talent needed to run these facilities.”

Finally, the panel addressed the “beach” under the barn: water. In regions like the Southwest, water allocations from the Colorado River and the depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer are now primary due diligence points for lenders.

“It’s not just about assessing water for today,” Erdelyi warns, “but assessing it years out.”

The outlook for 2026 is one of cautious optimism anchored by structural evolution. The U.S. dairy industry is no longer just a milk business; it is a component and beef business supported by high-tech processing and sophisticated risk management tools. While trade volatility and water scarcity remain significant hurdles, the industry’s shift toward permanent genetic gains and vertical integration suggests it is better positioned than ever to meet the demands of the global marketplace.

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Innovation in Every Drop: Apple Shamrock Farms Crowned 2026 Innovative Dairy Farmer of the Year

Fri, 23 Jan 2026 13:55:28 GMT

In the heart of Northwest Pennsylvania lies an exemplary model of dairy innovation: Apple Shamrock Farms, LLC. With their recent accolade of being named the 2026 International Dairy Foods Association’s Innovative Dairy Farmer of the Year award winner, the Waddell family showcases what it truly means to be modern dairy producers.

(Apple Shamrock Farms)

Founded in 1976 by Robert and Lorna Waddell, alongside their son Robert J., Apple Shamrock Dairy continues its legacy today under the leadership of seventh-generation farmer Josh Waddell. The dairy remains a true family affair, with Josh’s brother, Joe, as a farm partner (primarily working off-farm), his mother, Christine, managing the books, and his father, Robert J., overseeing the milk hauling side of the business.

Apple Shamrock Farms LLC exemplifies a holistic approach to innovation, integrating advanced solutions across every facet of their expansive 3,500-acre operation, which supports a 1,250-cow milking herd producing an impressive 38 million pounds of milk annually.

“There’s a lot of unique things that I think we do well, but cows are No. 1 around here. That’s what we built our business on and has allowed us to do what we’ve done,” Josh Waddell says. “We are truly honored to receive this recognition.”

(Apple Shamrock Farms)

Maximizing Herd Potential Through Data and Genetics
At the core of Apple Shamrock Farms’ operations in Townville, Pa., is their sophisticated approach to dairy management, primarily driven by data and genetics. The Waddells implement a high-tech Afimilk cow monitoring system that delivers comprehensive data analytics, allowing for precise adjustments in cow care and feeding. This meticulous approach is supported by strategic feed tracking software, which ensures optimal component levels in milk production. This all has helped Apple Shamrock consistently achieve high component levels with 94 lb. of milk, with a 4.35% butterfat, and 3.35% protein, respectively. This translates to 109.8 lb. of energy corrected milk.

“The scale of the business we are in, we need the high output from the cows,” Waddell says.

Beyond daily management, Apple Shamrock Farms is a pioneer in genetic advancement. Through the strategic use of IVF and genomics, they are actively shaping their herd’s future, selecting embryos from their highest-producing, functional cows to enhance genetics and improve herd longevity. This forward-thinking approach ensures they are milking the right cows and maximizing the potential of every animal, even with a significant percentage of 2-year-olds in the herd.

Apple Shamrock has sold a lot of replacement heifers over the years, and Waddell notes the buyers want genomics, but they don’t want to “buy a dented Mustang.”

Their commitment to excellence extends beyond sound genetics to meticulous transition and calving pen all-in, all-out management and with a constant focus on raising the best, healthiest calves they can.

(Apple Shamrock Farms)

Pioneering Environmental Stewardship and Resource Optimization
Innovation at Apple Shamrock Farms isn’t confined to the barn; it extends to robust environmental stewardship. The Waddells have implemented a comprehensive three-cell manure system with a low-maintenance sand separation system. This not only allows them to reclaim sand for bedding but also significantly enhances the potency of their liquid fertilizer. Critically, all liquid manure is injected directly into the ground, a practice that maximizes crop yields while drastically limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and preventing runoff.

Apple Shamrock effectively separates sand by mixing two gallons of “tea water” (thinner manure from cell three) with one gallon of sand-laden manure, then employing a large dewatering screen and stacking conveyors to create 35'-high sand piles for reuse after eight months.

“This innovative sand removal process has significantly improved our overall hauling efficiency by 20% to 25% and generated substantial savings on spreading equipment, enough to justify the sand lane’s cost even without sand reuse,” Waddell says.

(Apple Shamrock Farms)

Despite the system being designed for 1,200 cows and currently handling more, leading to some water quality challenges, Waddell says the farm prioritizes a straightforward approach, avoiding complex mechanical separation buildings and planning to expand storage to meet current herd needs.

Their commitment to sustainability is further evident in their extensive satellite cropping operation, encompassing 565 acres of corn and soybeans. At the satellite cropping operation and the home operation, guidance systems and precision planters are used. These practices collectively contribute to energy efficiencies and a notable reduction in GHG emissions, demonstrating a profound dedication to both economic and environmental sustainability.

“I used to call it the four-leaf clover, but our approach to sustainability is really a full circle,” Waddell explains.

A Model for Future Challenges and Industry Leadership
Apple Shamrock Farms is strategically positioned to meet future economic and sustainability challenges head-on. Their philosophy of “structured growth” focuses on maximizing performance and efficiency, driving high output while achieving significant labor savings. By coupling genetic potential with cow comfort, they aim for a more mature, resilient herd, ensuring long-term viability.

“Looking ahead, we first plan to optimize our dairy by first filling the remaining 200 to 400 cow capacity in their parlor to improve cash flow,” Waddell explains, noting a core focus for the next decade is eliminating “Josh spots,” inefficient areas requiring daily attention, and consolidating their dry cow, prefresh and calf operations into a single, highly efficient complex where specialized labor can focus.

Beyond their farm gates, the Waddells are recognized leaders.

“They are truly a testament to what can happen when innovation and creativity meet a strong work ethic and desire to progress,” says Russell Redding, Pennsylvania Secretary of Agriculture, in a nomination letter supporting Apple Shamrock.

(Apple Shamrock Farms)

The Waddell family actively participates in benchmarking groups, shares insights with peers and holds numerous leadership roles across the dairy industry and within their local community. Whether housing “foster cows” for a neighboring farm after a devastating fire or hosting school tours, their spirit of cooperation and advocacy for the dairy industry is unwavering.

“This spirit of support in times of crisis is what makes our agriculture industry great, the Waddells are a standout example,” Redding says.

Apple Shamrock Farms embodies what’s achievable when innovation converges with tradition and tenacity. As a paragon of modern dairy farming, they set a dynamic example for the future, proving hard work and creative solutions can propel the industry forward.

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The New Age of Beef-on-Dairy is Here

Mon, 12 Jan 2026 13:00:00 GMT

Not long ago, beef-on-dairy was viewed as a side experiment to add value to low-demand dairy bull calves. Today, it’s become a practical strategy for both the dairy and feedlot sectors, boosting dairy margins while giving feedlots a steady, predictable supply of cattle.

As the segment has grown, the conversation has moved from whether it works to how it can work better. That evolution was front and center during the 2025 MILK Business Conference , where dairy producers and feedlot managers came together to compare notes, share lessons learned and discuss where beef-on-dairy is headed next.

(Farm Journal)

From Skepticism To Standard Practice

For many dairy producers, the first step into beef-on-dairy was taken cautiously. Daniel Vander Dussen, a New Mexico dairy farmer, remembers pushing back when beef-on-dairy was first introduced on his farm.

“We started giving it a try in 2017, so we weren’t the first ones to do it. I actually pushed back against it at first,” he says.

At the time, the idea of using beef semen on Holstein cows felt counterintuitive, especially after years of genetic progress focused mostly on milk production. The turning point came when calf buyers began to weigh in on value.

“Our custom calf raiser came to us and said, ‘Look, no matter what, your beef-on-dairy calves are going to bring you more than that Holstein steer ever will.’ So as soon as we figured that out, we went to beef-on-dairy. And looking back, I wish I would have started doing it even sooner,” Vander Dussen says.

That same progression has played out on a larger scale for Tony Lopes and his family’s fourth-generation California dairy. Over the past seven years, Lopes has helped turn beef-on-dairy from a trial concept into a central part of the operation. Today, the family milks 5,000 cows across four locations, produces about 3,800 beef-on-dairy animals annually and sources more than 12,000 additional crossbred calves from outside dairies and calf ranches.

(Angie Denton)

“Beef-on-dairy was becoming the trendy thing to do, and it coincided with us going through an expansion,” Lopes says.

During the farm’s expansion, replacement needs were secured using sexed semen. Once the dairy had hit their target, they stopped using conventional semen altogether and leaned fully into beef genetics. Today, the program has evolved even further, with calves raised from day-olds, to 400-lb. weights and up to 700 lb. to 750 lb. before marketing.

“In seven years, we’ve gone from knowing nothing about the feedlot side of beef-on-dairy to making it an incredibly big piece of our operation,” Lopes says.

What To Consider

For dairy producers like Lopes and Vander Dussen, as beef-on-dairy has cemented itself in the market, success has shifted from simply creating a black calf to producing one that fits the needs of the entire supply chain.

Feedlots and buyers are looking for cattle that finish the way they’re expected to, and that begins on the dairy. Breeding decisions, early calf health and how calves are managed in the first weeks all influence how predictable those animals will be later. As the market continues to mature, producers who plan ahead and stay connected to their buyers will be better set up for the long haul.

Begin With The End In Mind

Value doesn’t start at the feedlot. It starts on the dairy. Lopes says long-term success comes from thinking about how calves will be evaluated down the line. Animals that meet buyer and feedlot expectations are easier to market and more likely to earn premiums.

“If there isn’t value after the calf leaves your operation, it’s going to be difficult to capture more,” Lopes says. “Producers need to understand what buyers value and plan for that from the start.”

Vander Dussen learned that lesson over time.

“At first, as long as you had a black calf, that felt like enough,” he says. “But we quickly learned that feedlots care about more than just color. I wish we would have pushed harder for higher genetics right away.”

(Angie Denton)

Lopes bases genetics and buying decisions on conversations and data that align with his cattle marketing goals, not just individual traits.

“The goal is predictability,” he says. “You translate performance into dollars and make decisions from there.”

That same thinking carries into the feedyard.

“Everybody has to win within the chain,” says Dr. Eric Belke, veterinarian and feedlot partner at Blackshirt Feeders in Nebraska. “When data and feedback are interchanged, it leads to more consistent cattle and more value for everyone involved.”

Feedlots Crave Consistency

Collaboration matters with feedlots now leaning heavily on beef-on-dairy programs like those run by Lopes and Vander Dussen. These operations provide a steady supply of calves that grow and perform predictably, giving feedlots the scale and reliability they need.

Belke says that need for consistency is exactly why Blackshirt Feeders was designed around beef-on-dairy cattle.

“Our feedlot was really built for feeding beef-on-dairy animals,” Belke says. “Right now, we’re at a capacity of 100,000 head, and we’re under construction. Next year, we’ll be at 150,000 head. By the end of 2027, we’ll be at 200,000 head. Currently we have about 87,000 head on feed, and over 90% of those are beef-on-dairy animals.”

As beef-on-dairy enters a new era, feedlots like Blackshirt Feeders are looking more toward dairies to keep their pens full. Belke says the year-round flow of cattle sets beef-on-dairy apart from traditional procurement models that are heavily influenced by seasonality.

(Angie Denton)

“The reason this closed loop system really works is because we can grow cattle at scale. We needed a very large and consistent supply chain,” he explains. “Historically, in the feedlot world, there has been a lot of seasonality. With the beef-on-dairy population, we have a very consistent flow of cattle throughout the year.”

Consistency also shows up in performance, driven by genetic design and selection.

“Consistency is key, not just in the flow of cattle, but also in the consistent and predictive outcome of the cattle,” Belke adds. “What we’ve done genetically is work with dairy farmers to design sires that ultimately create extremely similar offspring.”

That focus on genetics and uniformity has helped feedlots manage risk and improve efficiency. Tony Bryant, director of nutrition, research and analytics at Five Rivers Cattle Feeding, says these animals are helping feedlots fill supply needs today and will continue to do so efficiently in the future.

“The cattle supply has been challenging for us trying to keep these yards full, and part of that is just the nature of the cattle cycle. But the other part of it is drought and the closure of the border. So, the beef-on-dairy cross animals really help us and the whole industry, especially from a cattle supply standpoint,” Bryant adds.

Bryant says improvements in genetics and faster access to data are helping feedlots get cattle that perform predictably, making it easier to manage costs and hit marketing targets.

“Beef-on-dairy has come a long way in a short time, with data coming back faster and the cattle getting better because of it,” he adds.

With the native beef herd continuing to shrink, both Belke and Bryant say the reliable supply and more predictable results of beef-on-dairy cattle have become critical tools for feedyards looking to secure cattle and manage risk year-round.

Predictability Built on Relationships and Data

As beef-on-dairy moves into its next phase, predictable outcomes are coming from stronger partnerships. Partnerships now begin at breeding, with dairies and feedlots working together to reduce uncertainty down the line.

“We start with the dairy before the calf is born,” Belke says. “Once the calf arrives, we make an offer based on the current market. Then we get the data that goes along with that calf. In return, the dairy producer gets a credit back to the semen company that is more than the original cost of the semen. So, they receive day-old market value for the calf, plus more than their semen cost covered, and we get the calf.”

That early coordination creates value on both sides. Dairy producers are paid fairly and rewarded for their breeding decisions, while feedlots gain calves with known genetics and management history that can be tracked from birth through finish. Just as important, that data follows the animal through the supply chain.

“All of this data goes back to help us make smarter decisions for the next generation,” Belke adds.

Bryant says that feedback loop is becoming essential as programs scale and risk management becomes more complex. With calves sourced from many dairies, knowing how animals were bred, fed and cared for early in life makes a difference.

(Angie Denton)

“Our objective is to build relationships with the producer, their nutritionist and their vet so we can synchronize the program as best we can,” Bryant says. “It is slower than we would like, but it is worth it.”

As those relationships deepen, data is becoming the backbone of decision making. What started as basic record keeping is evolving into a system that actively guides breeding, calf care and marketing decisions.

“The more we know about these calves before they arrive, the better we can manage growth, feed efficiency and overall performance,” Bryant says.

Rather than just sharing information after the fact, producers and feedlots are beginning to use data in real time, predicting outcomes before calves leave the dairy and adjusting programs accordingly.

“When you track calves from birth through harvest, you can actually see how dairy decisions show up later,” Belke adds. “It helps everyone stay on the same page and make better choices.”

Looking ahead, transparency and collaboration are becoming part of doing business. Operations willing to share information and act on it are creating more consistent outcomes and setting the direction for where beef-on-dairy is headed next.

A Defining Shift

What began as a way to add value to unwanted calves has evolved into an integrated system shaped by genetics, data and collaboration. For dairies, it offers a way to strengthen economics during volatile markets. For feedlots, it provides dependable supply and predictable performance in an increasingly uncertain cattle landscape.

As native beef numbers remain tight and pressure mounts across the supply chain, beef-on-dairy is proving to be more than a trend. It’s the new normal. Producers who plan ahead, build strong relationships and think about the whole system are the ones seeing the benefits.

Fewer Heifers Mean Higher Stakes for Reproduction

Tue, 06 Jan 2026 18:55:07 GMT

Over the last 20 years, reproduction in dairy herds has changed in ways that were hard to imagine two decades ago. Pregnancy rates that once sat in the low teens are now climbing to levels that have reshaped how farms manage breeding decisions.

“We’ve seen average preg rates go from 13% to 14% to herds that now push 40%,” says Paul Fricke, professor and Extension specialist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, on a recent Dairy Health Blackbelt podcast. “That’s why we’re using sexed semen and beef semen. It’s changed everything.”

However, that progress comes with a tradeoff. As sexed semen is used more strategically and beef semen fills in elsewhere, farms are raising fewer replacement heifers. According to Fricke, that makes it harder to absorb mistakes.

“My argument has been we’ve got to be better with those fewer heifers from a reproductive standpoint,” he says.

With fewer heifers in the pipeline, every breeding decision carries more weight. Missed heats, mistimed inseminations or extended days open can quickly add cost and delay animals entering the milking herd. Fricke says heifer reproduction can’t be treated as a low-priority task. Getting heifers pregnant at the right time, he says, matters more when fewer replacements are available.

Rethink Timed AI in Heifers

As farms work to manage heifer breeding more consistently with fewer replacements, many have turned to synchronization programs to simplify decisions and reduce reliance on heat detection. Timed-AI protocols are now common on many farms because they’re easier to manage with limited labor, but Fricke says they aren’t without limitations. He points to the 5-day CIDR-Synch protocol as a common starting point for heifers, noting that its biggest challenge comes down to timing.

“The big problem with these protocols is they’re not 100% timed AI protocols,” Fricke explains. “We’ll see about 27% to 33% of heifers coming to heat a day early.”

That early estrus creates management challenges and opens the door to mistimed inseminations. To address it, Fricke’s team tested a simple change by leaving the progesterone insert in place for an extra 24 hours.

“There were 12% of the heifers that came into heat early on the 5-day treatment, compared with only 1% on the 6-day treatment,” he says. “With conventional semen in Holstein heifers, there was no decline in fertility.”

Does Sexed Semen Need a Different Approach?

That consistency, however, doesn’t always carry over when sexed semen is used. Fricke says many farms manage sexed semen the same way they would conventional semen, which can lead to lower conception rates than expected.

“Sex[ed] semen is quite different,” he says. “What I generally see is low conception rates. I think it’s a timing of insemination issue.”

In a Wisconsin study across three farms using sexed semen, once-daily heat detection with prostaglandin achieved a 45% conception rate. The 5-day CIDR protocol improved conception to 52%. But the 6-day protocol fell back to 45%.

“The worst thing you can do with sex[ed] semen is inseminate too early,” Fricke says. “And that’s what we did. We kind of set them up to get bred too early.”

Look Beyond Upfront Costs

While synchronization protocols often draw scrutiny for their upfront cost, Fricke argues that focusing only on protocol price misses the bigger economic picture. The real driver of profitability in heifer reproduction, he says, is days on feed.

“The big thing about repro in heifers is limiting total days on feed, because total days on feed is determined by when you get the heifers pregnant,” he says. “That feed cost is something that a lot of farmers don’t look at. It’s the classic kind of unfunded cost, right? The hidden cost.”

In his comparison of minimal estrus synchronization versus CIDR-based programs, the upfront numbers favor the simpler approach. Protocol costs averaged $4.05 per pregnancy for the estrus group, compared to $22.29 for the CIDR group. But the CIDR heifers were inseminated 12 days earlier and pregnant eight days sooner.

“The feed costs were $82 for the estrus group versus $50 for the CIDR group,” Fricke says. “So, we’re actually $16.66 more profitable per pregnancy by being more aggressive with the heifers.”

For Fricke, how the numbers are presented is just as important as the results.

“Farmers will look at the upfront cost,” he says. “We need to show them this is an investment, not just a cost.”

Make Every Heifer Count

As herds rely on fewer replacement heifers, the stakes for getting each one pregnant at the right time are higher than ever. Every day a heifer remains open adds feed costs and can delay her entry into the milking herd, making careful management more critical.

“When I look at dairies, the low-hanging fruit now is the heifer side,” Fricke says. “Heifers are kind of out of sight, out of mind, but heifers are important.”

Fricke emphasizes success in heifer reproduction is no longer just about hitting pregnancy targets. It’s about making the most of each heifer and ensuring the herd stays on track. By understanding how protocols, semen type and timing interact, and by viewing upfront breeding costs as an investment rather than an expense, farms can protect their replacement strategy and improve profitability across the herd.

Discover How Lechera Protea in Chile is Shaping the Future of Dairy Farming

Tue, 09 Dec 2025 13:47:39 GMT

Nestled in the lush Curacavi, Chile, Lechera Protea Dairy stands as a beacon of innovation and tradition in the South America dairy farming industry. This exceptional farm has seamlessly blended pioneering farming techniques to help drive their dairy into the future.

The Roots of Lechera Protea Dairy
Founded in 1975 by Don Guillermo, Lechera Protea Dairy began with modest ambitions. Guillermo took the helm, infusing the family farm with the hardy European breeds that kickstarted its illustrious journey. The 1990s marked a turning point with the construction of the first freestall barns, setting the stage for further advancements. As the 2000s unfurled, U.S. breeds were introduced, and by 2010, new technologies were embraced, such as the usage of sexed semen and genomic testing transforming traditional methods into modern practices.

(Lechera Protea Dairy)

Today, the family breeds their bottom genetics to beef and like the U.S. dairy industry, they have capitalized on a lucrative beef market that has become a solid alternative profit source for their operation. Guillermo says they raise their beef-on-dairy calves to 350 kilos and then send them off to a feedlot.

With their No.1 focus on their home site caring and milking for mature cattle, they send their youngstock to southern Chile. This allows the family to milk more cows and stay within their permit numbers on their home site.

“We utilize the grass in the south to grow our heifers,” Guillermo says, noting the heifers come back bred and ready to calve.

An Era of Growth: Technological Advancements
In 2019, the Lechera Protea Dairy embarked on constructing its first compost barn, a cornerstone of its operational strategy. In 2022, the dairy completed the construction of their eighth compost barn and began construction of their new milk facility. Fast forward to 2025, and the farm exclusively houses their cattle in compost barns and now milks in a DeLaval 600-stall rotary, juxtaposing traditional ways with cutting-edge solutions. The milk production platform encompasses a generous 11.5 hectares, and the crop production spans 650 hectares, accommodating both corn and alfalfa. This resourceful approach allows for sustainable feed production, ensuring a steady nutritional supply for the herd.

Lechera Protea Dairy is one of 16 dairies that ship to their dairy cooperative, and their dairy currently represents 40% of the milk supply for that cooperative.

“We have been growing slowly,” he says. “Currently, our average days in milk is 190 days, and our total number of cattle, dry and lactating are 1,680 head.”

(Lechera Protea Dairy)

Impressive Dairy Output
Today, Lechera Protea Dairy is milking 1,500 head, three times a day, with daily outputs of 43 liters per cow, contributing to an annual production of 23 million liters. Such figures are a testament to the farm’s meticulous care in cow management and the efficacy of their farming operations.

Guillermo points out that 33% of the cows are in their first lactation, 23% are in their second and 44% are in their third-plus lactation.

The strategic focus on natural products has significantly reduced instances of mastitis, illustrating how innovation can enhance herd health without compromising milk quality. This attention to detail ensures a stable yield throughout the year, with enhancements in seasonal milk prices reflecting favorable conditions and stable production systems.

(Lechera Protea Dairy)

The Lechera Protea Dairy Legacy
Lechera Protea Dairy is more than just a working farm; it’s a testament to the willingness to incorporate innovation and technology to drive their dairy forward. As the farm progresses, the focus is committed to delivering high-quality dairy produce while nurturing its historical roots and embracing progressive agricultural practices.

This Chilean dairy farm is a shining example of how tradition and innovation can intertwine, yielding remarkable results not only for the present but for generations to come.

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How Do Modern Dairies Stay Ahead With Future Innovations and Sustainable Practices?

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 14:04:42 GMT

The U.S. dairy industry stands on the brink of transformative change, poised with promising opportunities for farmers. At a National Milk Producers Federation Young Cooperators Progressive panel, held live at World Dairy Expo, four dairy leaders shared insights into their daily routines and how they allocate their time effectively.

1. The Promise of Beef-on-Dairy
Megan Schrupp, co-owner of NexGen Dairy in Minnesota, highlights the integration of beef into the dairy sector as a significant opportunity. The concept isn’t new, but it continues to evolve, offering an exciting avenue that could enhance the industry’s sustainability and profitability. This integration reflects the dynamic nature of dairy farming, where innovation meets traditional practices.

Dan Basse, president of AgResource Company says beef-on-dairy is not a fleeting trend but a long-term solution in an industry seeking stability.

“I don’t think we can get enough mama beef cows to come forward,” Basse says.

The 2025 Farm Journal State of the Dairy Industry report echoes this view, with three-quarters of operators engaging in beef-on-dairy methods such as breeding and raising. There’s evidence in semen sales too, with figures showing a 317,000-unit increase in the U.S. by 2024, as reported by the National Association of Animal Breeders (NAAB).

2. Connecting with Consumers
For Laura Raatz, co-owner and herd manager at Wagner Farms Inc., the quintessential opportunity lies in strengthening the bond with consumers. As less than 2% of the population is responsible for feeding the world, gaining consumers’ trust and showcasing pride in product transparency and sustainability is crucial. Engaging with consumers aligns closely with advancing animal welfare and reinforcing the industry’s commitment to quality.

“If we don’t have consumers behind us that believe in our product and trust where their products come from, I think that we’re going to be in big trouble,” she says. “If we can combine people, innovation and sustainability together, I think that dairy is not just going to survive, it’s going to thrive for decades to come.”

3. Advances in Technology and Innovation
There’s a resounding consensus among experts that technology and innovation hold the key to the industry’s future. From genomics enhancing cattle efficiency to leveraging technology for better management, these advances could revolutionize farming methods. Ron Fowler, a first-generation dairy farmer from Michigan, underscores the role of genomics, which could radically shorten generational gaps and innovate breeding practices.

“I think these cattle are going to continue to get way more efficient,” he says. “I think these cows are going to get so much more efficient with feed and genomics.”

In fact, the 2025 Farm Journal State of the Dairy Industry report highlights how two-thirds of dairy farms have embraced at least one form of feeding technology. Among these, health monitoring collars and ear tags stand out as the most widely adopted innovations. These tools enhance the ability to manage livestock more effectively, promoting healthier herds and thus boosting overall productivity.

4. Sustainability and Efficient Practices
Sustainability remains a cornerstone of future opportunities. Joel Eigenbrood, CFO for several Michigan dairies, and others recognize the importance of integrating sustainable practices through the use of by-products. Transforming these by-products into economically viable products such as jet fuel or vodka, though niche now, points to a future ripe with possibilities for making more from less.

“The genetic side of cows are so efficient today,” he says. “The number of components that we’re able to get out of these cows, and with feeding by-products and all these other things, so it just becomes more and more sustainable.”

Encouragingly, over half of survey respondents (63%) reported participating in at least one sustainable practice. This trend is indicative of a growing societal shift toward environmental responsibility. Interestingly, larger operations, particularly those with substantial herd sizes and extensive acreage, tend to embrace sustainability more comprehensively. This trend is most pronounced in the Western region.

5. The Role of People and Farm Culture
Building motivated and skilled teams is another critical opportunity echoed by these leaders. By cultivating strong farm cultures, the industry can attract new talent and foster an environment that supports innovation. This focus is on people aligning with enhancing sustainability and integrating new technological advancements into daily farm operations.

The Farm Journal report highlights that non-family members consist of at least 50% of their workforce. With evolving labor-related aspects indicating enduring challenges, the industry must explore viable solutions to continue thriving.

Farmers must continue to balance the integration of technology with human labor, ensuring both aspects work in harmony to drive growth and productivity.

As the dairy industry navigates these potential avenues, it’s clear using a combination of innovation, consumer engagement and sustainable practices will be pivotal. The future of dairy farming holds the promise not just to survive but to thrive, pushing boundaries and setting new standards in agricultural excellence.

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Sustainable Cows: The Genetic Blueprint for a Greener Dairy

Tue, 02 Dec 2025 17:21:41 GMT

When thinking about sustainability, we often consider how the industry impacts the environment. Methane mitigation, waste recycling and water quality are popular areas of focus to help make the dairy industry more sustainable. However, starting at the cow level might have some of the greatest impacts. Focusing breeding and mating decisions on specific traits can help build a more sustainable cow.

Feed Efficiency
Since December 2020, feed efficiency has been recognized as a breeding trait in the U.S. It was initially identified to track the impact of feed savings throughout a lactation. Early estimates indicate that feed savings are about 19% heritable. Feed efficiency is vital for maximizing profitability. A University of Minnesota study found the top 10% of profitable dairy herds in Minnesota account for 60% of the feed costs of the bottom 10%. Additionally, feed efficiency influences environmental management. When less feed is required to produce the same amount of milk, a reduced environmental footprint results.

Longevity
University of Florida research showskeeping mature cows in the herd can lead to increased profitability. Cows in their first, second, and even third lactations have not yet reached full maturity. A more mature herd with a lower cull rate (25%) has proven to be more profitable than a younger herd with a higher cull rate. Being able to retain cows longer can reduce the number of replacements needed. To maintain a herd size of 100 cows, a herd with a cull rate of 25%, needs roughly 10 fewer heifers if they calve at 24 months. Having fewer animals on the farm results in a smaller overall footprint.

Herd Health and Fertility
Two traits that significantly impact cow longevity are fertility and health traits. Improving health traits helps reduce disease and medical interventions, which can lower animal maintenance costs. Behind low milk yield, poor reproductive performance is the leading reason for culling in the dairy industry. Low pregnancy rates, similar to high culling rates, require more animals on the farm to maintain herd size. Additionally, low pregnancy rates result in lower herd milk production and decreased efficiency because cows spend more days in milk.

Sustainability is defined as meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Often, environmental sustainability is the primary concern, but being sustainable as a business is equally important. Focusing management at the cow level can help create a more sustainable farm system.

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Siring Success: One California Farm’s Approach to Better Beef-on-Dairy Calves

Mon, 01 Dec 2025 20:50:02 GMT

Over the past seven years, Tony Lopes has steered his family’s fourth-generation California dairy through a remarkable transformation. Today, the family milks 5,000 cows across four locations, produces 3,800 beef-on-dairy crossbred calves and procures an additional 12,000-plus head from outside dairies and calf ranches annually, offering a model for other farms looking to diversify revenue and improve herd economics.

Lopes first got into beef-on-dairy during a period of expansion when the farm had extra pen space and a surplus of heifers.

“Beef-on-dairy was becoming the trendy thing to do, and it coincided with us going through an expansion,” he says. “The first question we had to ask ourselves was if we breed some of these lower-end animals to beef, can we still produce enough heifers. The answer was yes. It was a crawl-before-you-can-walk kind of experiment.”

Once the operation confirmed they could meet replacement needs using sexed semen, they stopped using conventional semen entirely and began focusing on generating as many beef-on-dairy cross calves as possible.

“From the first calves that hit the ground, we backgrounded them and sold them in small gooseneck loads. The math kept working, and as our volume increased, we moved up to 50,000-lb. loads,” Lopes recalls.

Over time, the program evolved even further. They now take calves in as day-olds or at 400 lb. to 450 lb., raising them to 700 lb. to 750 lb. before marketing. This growth gave Lopes the confidence to take full control of the genetics behind the operation.

“The entirety of our beef-on-dairy program today is sired by our own Angus genetics,” Lopes explains. “By 2022, we had enough data to confidently procure our own bulls, and in seven years we’ve gone from knowing nothing about the feedlot side of beef-on-dairy to making it an incredibly big piece of our operation.”

Not Held Back By Tradition
“I’ve always had a passion for genetics and have been interested in what genetic inputs can result in better performance outputs,” Lopes says.

So, when beef-on-dairy began gaining traction, he found himself watching the space closely.

“When we were all starting out, there were a lot of questions,” Lopes recalls. “It seemed like the whole industry, at the same time, was trying to figure out what to breed our cows to. Every stud company, every region, at that point, had a little bit of a different answer.”

After experimenting with several breed compositions, the decision ultimately came down to market demand.

“What drove our decision to go Angus was just buyer demand,” Lopes says. “From an animal husbandry standpoint, we were trying to do everything we could to raise a good quality calf. And as we were building relationships with buyers, they were pretty consistently saying: ‘Hey, we’d really prefer if you just made these all Angus.’”

Lopes emphasizes that genetic decisions on the farm are driven by data and economics, not tradition.

“We’re big believers in making genetic decisions based on dollars and cents as opposed to just a biased opinion or tradition,” he explains. “When we started getting kill data back and looked at the economic drivers of our decisions, we arrived at a conclusion: These are the trait compositions that are going to result in more profitability.”

That analysis led the farm to source a specific set of elite Angus bulls, genetics they couldn’t consistently find in any single company’s lineup. According to Lopes, the breed’s data quality, quantity and large population size made it a logical choice for maximum genetic progress.

“Fortunately, in the Angus seedstock world, elite genetics are well distributed throughout the industry,” Lopes says. “There are a substantial number of bull sales every spring and fall. We were able to find the bulls most elite for the traits we care about, and that just kind of grew from there.”

Still, choosing to buy and use their own bulls came with uncertainty at first.

“It was a little leap at the time, but as we continue to aggregate more and more data, we’re very glad we made that investment and very confident in the performance advantages we’re seeing from our selected sires,” Lopes says.

Data-Driven Decisions
Lopes relies on rigorous data collection and economic modeling to guide breeding decisions.

“Everything we do is built into an economic model from the standpoint of profitability,” Lopes explains. “We look at all the things that go into what we’re asking the animal to do. We’re asking the animal to hang the heaviest carcass possible in the shortest number of days.”

It’s a model that pushes the operation to look beyond individual traits and consider how they work together. The goal isn’t simply to make better cattle but to make cattle that deliver the greatest economic return.

“We’re financially incentivized not just for pounds but for quality. If a carcass grades Prime and we’re chasing the best feed conversion, we have to evaluate those trade-offs,” Lopes says. “A 1% gain in feed conversion versus a 1% increase in Prime percentage delivers very different financial outcomes. Our system converts each of those factors into dollar-and-cents projections so we can prioritize which traits deserve the most weight in our selection process.”

But to understand which traits truly move the needle, the process starts with the carcass data connected to each animal.

“We receive kill data on every individual carcass and tie it back to that animal’s ID — hot carcass weight, backfat, ribeye area, marbling score, yield grade and more,” Lopes says. “We can link all of it to genetics and to management factors like sex, birth date, colostrum score and how many times the calf was treated for pneumonia or other illnesses.”

When those metrics are layered together, the picture becomes much clearer.

“By combining all these data points, we can isolate the genetic components from management influences,” he says. “That helps us make smarter decisions about both genetic selection and day-to-day herd management.”

Eyes on the Future
Looking ahead to 2026 and beyond, Lopes remains bullish on the future of beef-on-dairy.

“I would say there’s a lot of people who think we can’t make any more beef-on-dairy calves than we are now. I don’t share that opinion,” Lopes says. “Producers could likely produce more calves with an optimized approach, using sexed semen and beef genetics. Even in five years, regardless of where beef prices are in the cycle, I think beef-on-dairy will remain a mainstay in the industry. It’s transformational for genetic progress, herd efficiency and revenue.”

On the replacement side, he sees a market that is tighter than ever but still overstocked in certain areas.

“Almost every dairy has fewer heifers than in recent memory, but some still have more than they need,” Lopes says. “Cull rates and herd management mean many farms are comfortable with lower turnover, yet heifers exist — just not where they’re needed. I know I’m in the minority, but I think there’s still an overabundance relative to actual demand.”

For his own operation, Lopes plans measured growth in 2026.

“We’re looking to expand the number of calves we bring in and work with strong operators across the western United States,” Lopes says. “The market is uncertain. Recent futures and processing news make it hard to know whether we’re sourcing at high or low values, but we’re confident there’s still value in beef-on-dairy calves, and we intend to continue growing.”

Genetic Advancements in Dairy Helping Meet the Protein Craze Demand

Tue, 28 Oct 2025 14:36:26 GMT

The dairy industry is experiencing an exhilarating transformation, driven by an unprecedented demand for protein across the globe. Gregg Doud, president of the National Milk Producers Federation, captures this phenomenon aptly, describing it as a pivotal moment for dairy.

“Everywhere I go, I tell people we’re having a moment here on the dairy-side of the equation,” he says, emphasizing how dairy’s protein-rich offerings, from cheese to whey, are captivating consumers both domestically and internationally.

U.S. dairy producers are determined to capitalize on this opportunity. A standout example of their efforts is the extraordinary advancement in genetic testing, which have contributed to remarkable increases in production. A testament to this evolution is found at McCarty Family Dairy in Rexford, Kan. Their breakthrough in genetic enhancements has propelled an impressive leap in milk production, soaring from 70 lb. to over 100 lb. per cow daily.

“You can’t manage what you can’t measure,” says Ken McCarty, one of the owners of McCarty Family Farms. “In 2011, we were milking about 7,000 cows, and today we’re milking nearly 20,000 cows, and we’ve increased productivity by almost 50%.”

Enhancing Herd Health and Milk Quality

The impact of genetic advancements extends beyond productivity to significantly enhance herd health and milk quality. By leveraging genomic insights, the McCartys have reduced disease rates and improved animal welfare, leading to superior milk quality. The reduction in somatic cell count averages that now hovers around 120,000 to 180,000 is a testament to healthier herds and stringent disease management practices, exceeding customer expectations.

Feed efficiency is crucial, with feed constituting 65% of the overall budget. The McCartys focus intently on indexes such as TPI and DWP, which are critical in informing their mating and breeding strategies.

“We really focus on specific indexes, like TPI and DWP$ (Dairy Wellness Profit Index) with Clarifide Plus, and those are really the kind of driving indexes behind our mating and breeding strategies,” he says.

Dan Weigel, a geneticist at Zoetis, has worked closely with McCarty Family Farms over the years, helping guide their genetic testing program and strategy. Weigel says McCarty’s dedication to improving life for both cows and employees reflects their continuous pursuit of optimization.

Strategic Breeding for a Better Future

Strategic breeding at McCarty Family Dairy not only caters to the global demand for protein-rich diets but also aims at creating an environmentally sustainable future. While butterfat can be nutritionally altered more easily than protein, the dairy focuses on enhancing protein content through genetic selection. This approach is designed to reduce carbon footprints by optimizing feed usage and production.

“Genetically, I think we all can recognize that it’s easier to drive butterfat through diet than it is to drive protein through diet. So, protein is really a major focus in our genetic planning, because it is so much harder to drive from a nutritional perspective,” McCarty says. “And what we’ve poured into our cows, from a genetic perspective, has shown up in the bulk tank.”

The McCartys are consistently hitting nearly 7.5 lb. of components per cow, with their dairies in Kansas and Nebraska averaging 3.35% to 3.4% for protein.

“And that is on high-producing Holstein animals,” McCarty adds. “We have the luxury of having a milk processing plant between us and our customer, so not only do we see the on-farm productivity, but we see the enhancements in terms of efficiency in our processing plant. Higher component levels milk that just drives throughput and efficiency in our processing plant as well.”

Partnership and Collaboration

The McCartys success story is also a narrative of collaboration. Strong outside partnerships, such as Zoetis team support for on-farm data analysis and genetic testing strategy, help drive holistic improvement.

“When our customer wants something, they want it now, and we position our herds to deliver,” McCarty says.

Their ability to transition farms efficiently reflects a deep pool of data and tailored herd profiles.

“We have to position our herds to deliver what our customer wants,” he adds, noting that 88% of their births are A2A2. “We have the ability today to transition farms quickly. We have that data, and we have the herd profile to be able to do that.”

High-productivity breeding strategies directly benefit animal welfare, reducing carbon emissions and aligning with stringent brand ethics.

“Breeding for high health animals has a direct positive benefit, not only on our bottom line and the productivity of our cows, but in terms of brand risk management,” McCarty says. “The single largest thing we can do to drive down our carbon footprint is to increase output. So, all of those things come from a sharper and better breeding strategy.”

Pioneering Toward Tomorrow

A data-driven approach has set an inspiring precedent at McCarty’s Rexford dairy, proving managing dairy farming no longer relies on intuition alone. Data integration empowers farmers to make informed, objective decisions, boosting production and laying the foundation for sustained long-term improvements.

McCarty’s Rexford dairy is proof positive that milking 10,000 cows averaging over 102 lb. of milk a day shows that with the right management and the right facility, along with the right genetics, the future potential is unlimited.

“We’re very emotional guys, but we try to minimize the impact that our emotions have on our farm,” McCarty says. “So, we try to be very data driven. Genomic testing is a prime example of that.”

According to Weigel there is no one-size-fits-all prescription for making improvements on dairies.

“However, data makes a difference and using data that you can glean from your farms or from DHIA or genomic testing and allowing that to help guide you, you can’t go wrong with that,” he says. “As demand grows, so does the value of precision. Data-informed decisions are what drives us forward. That’s been a huge piece to improvements in the dairy industry over the past decade.”

Innovation at farms like McCarty’s proves that data matters, guiding improvements and empowering farmers to drive the dairy industry forward into a new era of excellence.

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How Beef and Dairy Genetics Are Smarter and More Profitable

Fri, 10 Oct 2025 17:12:49 GMT

Understanding your customer’s needs, the power of data and the need for continuous innovation is key to the success of beef and dairy producers. Lorna Marshall, Select Sires vice president of beef genetics, emphasizes the critical role of technology, data and strategic breeding in creating value in the industry today.

Marshall was the featured guest in “ The Future of Beef Show ” podcast Episode 13 .

Her perspective highlights the beef industry’s evolution from traditional breeding methods to a more sophisticated, technology-driven approach.

Marshall’s journey in the artificial insemination (AI) industry spans decades. She explains the AI industry has seen significant consolidation during her career — from 15 cooperatives to now three to four major organizations. She says Select Sires remains the only cooperative AI organization in the U.S.

“Whatever I see happen in the dairy world, beef is going to follow it in five to seven years,” she explains.

Key takeaways from the podcast include:

1. Beef-on-Dairy Evolution: The beef on dairy market has transformed dramatically since 2018, creating more valuable cattle by crossing beef bulls with dairy cows.

She says AI companies are focusing on terminal traits for beef-on-dairy, creating bulls specifically designed for producing high-value feeder cattle.

The biggest challenge in the beef-on-dairy space is semen fertility. Marshall acknowledges male-sexed semen would be a good option for beef-on-dairy, but the conception level is not where it needs to be today.

“Fertility is three times more important than any other trait,” Marshall explains about working with dairy producers. “Sexed semen, while we have really improved that product a lot, it still does not have the same level of fertility and conception rate.”

She adds management and cow fertility play a role in the success of sexed semen conception so it is something that can be considered herd by herd, not something implemented across the entire dairy population.

“If I could figure out how to improve bull fertility,” she says. “That would be the No. 1 thing I could do to improve business for Select Sires, or really, any AI organization.”

Fertility is not highly heritable, and there can easily be a 20-percentage-point difference between high and low bulls.

“The thing I love most about beef-on-dairy is, I love data, and I, finally, for the first time in my career, have data to play with,” Marshall says.

2. Genomic Testing: There’s a growing potential for genomic testing in beef cattle, similar to what’s been done in the dairy industry, to improve genetic selection and herd performance.

“If I was a commercial beef producer, I’d be wanting to test my commercial females and figure out who are really the elite ones,” she explains. “And then let’s go build our replacement heifers out of those.”

3. Breed and Genetic Trends: Genetic selection is becoming increasingly precise and data driven. The future of beef genetics lies in comprehensive trait measurement and genomic understanding.

She also emphasizes the beef industry’s evolution from single-trait selection to a more comprehensive strategy.

“There is always a pendulum changing or swinging,” Marshall says. “You’re always going to have people that are more willing to go out on those pendulums farther than others. And that’s what I love about our commercial industry, they always kind of keep the seedstock industry a little bit grounded.”

She explains at Select Sires they strive to provide the customer what they really want.

“We need some of those extremes, honestly, to kind of move the industry forward in different areas,” she says. “Look what we’ve done on traits like marbling. We’ve totally changed the beef demand dynamic, because we’ve created a more palatable product that our consumers really like.”

Comparing the seedstock and commercial beef industries, she says seedstock producers generally select for extreme in traits trying to be breed leading.

“Our commercial customers have almost always selected more for balance,” she summarizes. “But really the secret sauce to getting bulls that are going to sell lots of semen would combine phenotype and genotype, and then their pedigree is always important.”

Marshall predicts the industry will continue to develop new traits that we don’t measure today.

“We may get rid of some of the traits that we have and measure things in a much more profitable way, like age to harvest,” she adds.

She also emphasizes the need for bulls that will produce the next generation of the nation’s cow herd.

“We better have some maternal bulls in our lineup, because beef producers are ready to start rebuilding the cow herd,” Marshall says.

4. Labor Barrier for AI : The labor needed for synchronization is a critical challenge in AI adoption.

Marshall identifies labor as the primary barrier to increasing AI adoption.

“Until we figure out how to synchronize that cow with less labor, it’s going to be really hard to move the needle in a significant way,” she says.

Marshall summarizes the future of the beef industry relies on these four strategies:

- Embracing technological innovation
- Maintaining genetic diversity
- Focusing on commercial producer needs
- Continuous learning and adaptation

Check out the podcast to learn more about how Marshall believes how data, genetics and innovation is shaping the future of beef cattle production.

New Genetic Tools Address Reality of Cow Longevity

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 21:47:14 GMT

The Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding’s (CDCB) 2025 industry meeting at World Dairy Expo drew a crowd of nearly 600 in Madison and online. The research presentations and producer panel focused on the work CDCB has pledged to accomplish as well as the on-farm impact.

Milking speed, released as an official evaluation as of August 2025, will remain separate from net merit. As the available data set grows, the next step is integration with automatic milking.

“The heritability for milking speed was estimated to be 42%,” says Kristen Gaddis, Ph.D., CDCB geneticist. “Even with a fairly modest data set we can get relatively high reliabilities already at the start.”

When it comes to calf health, John B. Cole, Ph.D., says genomic evaluations for respiratory disease and scours in Holsteins and Jerseys are up next.

“They’re going to be based on producer-reported data from the field,” Cole says. “These evaluations will help us produce healthier calves that will move from birth through the growth phase, and then they will enter the milking string at a higher rate than less healthy calves. That’s going to let you make the most of your investment in your genetics program and your calf program.”

Cole urges producers to continue submitting complete data, and reminds that opt-in is required for CDCB to use the information.

According to Ashley Ling, Ph.D., lameness research is two prong: hoof-health evaluations (grouped infectious/non-infectious lesion incidence) and a novel mobility measure from camera and AI systems. The mobility work, she says, shows milk loss rises with lameness; preliminary heritability is moderate, suggesting selection can help alongside management.

Using What We Know to Let Cows Live Longer

Albert De Vries, Ph.D., University of Florida, is examining genetic gains in production to answer the question: Why are cows that are able to stay much longer in the herd not staying longer in the herd?

He cautions against lifetime as the target: “You want to maximize profitability per unit of the most limiting factor, and a reasonable metric for that is profitability per cow per year.”

When it comes to on-farm factors that correlate with longevity, here’s what three producers have to say:

Glenn Kline (Y Run Farms LLC, Pa.) – His team uses beef-on-dairy and IVF to concentrate replacements from top females. “Back in 2011 we started on genomic testing, and boy, that’s made a huge difference on our herd,” he says. “We’ve been using beef on dairy to keep our lower production cows using beef, and we use IVF to try to make better heifers of the good ones.”
Eric Grotegut (Grotegut Dairy, Wis.) – Calf management, upgraded facilities and hoof work are factors he attributes to better longevity, achieving a replacement rate of 25. “There are a lot of external factors, but in general, I try not to make too many heifers,” he says. “It just makes the culling easier. Instead of culling problem cows or culling lower performers, genetically they’re definitely able to stay longer.”
Kristen Metcalf (Glacier Edge Dairy, Wis.) – Metcalf stresses the importance of numerous traits and indexes to suit a variety of management styles. “I think it’s all part of the farming perspective, right? We have different dairy farms, we have different preferences, and we have these great new technologies and tools that let us filter for the traits we want. Why not leave them as long as the data is there? Everyone farms and manages differently.”

CDCB’s pipeline continues to expand what genetics can accomplish. Whether cows actually stay longer still hinges on day-to-day choices: heifer supply discipline, hoof/mobility focus, calf wellness and using the right index for the farm’s constraints.

Celebrating a Leader: David Thorbahn Awarded National Dairy Shrine’s 2025 Guest of Honor

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 15:17:01 GMT

In a celebrated event during the World Dairy Expo in Madison, Wis., the National Dairy Shrine honored a distinguished figure in the dairy industry, David Thorbahn, by naming him the 2025 Guest of Honor. This accolade is the highest recognition bestowed annually upon an individual who has made significant contributions and achieved exemplary accomplishments in the dairy sector.

Thorbahn’s journey in the dairy industry is one deeply rooted in his early years on his family’s Ohio farm. It was here he sowed the seeds of his passion for advancing the dairy industry. His career trajectory led him to become a beacon of leadership and innovation, particularly during his tenure as president and CEO of Select Sires Inc. since 2000.

Leadership and Innovation at Select Sires
Under Thorbahn’s visionary leadership, Select Sires has evolved into the largest bovine semen supplier in North America and stands among the global leaders. A milestone achievement was his spearheading of the company’s venture into being the first to market with sex-sorted semen, revolutionizing dairy cattle breeding practices. His tenure saw the astronomical rise in sales from 6 million doses in 1999 to an impressive 24 million doses in 2021. Thorbahn’s strategic foresight was also instrumental in acquiring seven major companies, notably Low Carbon Beef, aligning with sustainability goals by facilitating carbon credit acquisitions for dairy and beef producers.

Mentorship and Development: A Legacy
Beyond business achievements, Thorbahn has been a stalwart supporter of mentorship and youth development. As a founding member and first chairman of the North American Intercollegiate Dairy Challenge, he has provided countless university students across the country with unique learning and career development opportunities, cementing his dedication to nurturing future industry leaders.

Thorbahn’s tireless dedication has earned him a place on various influential boards such as the National Association of Animal Breeders, the U.S. Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, and World Dairy Expo. His contributions have not gone unnoticed; he has received several prestigious awards, including Ohio State University’s Distinguished Alumni Award and the forthcoming 2024 Ohio State University Dairy Hall of Service induction.

An Endorsement From Peers
Influential voices within the industry, including Randy Kortus from the board of directors of Select Sires, have lauded Thorbahn’s contributions, aptly highlighting his unparalleled qualifications and impact on the dairy and beef industries.

“I cannot think of a more qualified individual who has accomplished so much for the dairy and beef industries,” Kortus says.

Thorbahn’s recognition as the guest of honor culminates with his portrait being displayed in the National Dairy Shrine’s Dairy Hall of Fame and Museum in Fort Atkinson, Wis., cementing his legacy in the annals of dairy industry history.

Thorbahn’s life work exemplifies leadership, innovation and dedication to industry improvements, making him a truly deserving recipient of this prestigious award. His story inspires current and future generations engaged in the pursuit of dairy excellence.

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Effective Ways to Enhance Profitability Through Diversification and Innovation

Thu, 18 Sep 2025 12:38:10 GMT

In today’s challenging economic landscape, dairy producers are facing the squeeze of tight margins, pushing them to explore various ways to diversify and secure their operations. With milk revenue not as robust as it used to be, it’s imperative to expand income lines to ensure long-term sustainability. Kevin Dhuyvetter, an agricultural economist and dairy technical consultant with Elanco, offers insights on how dairy producers can effectively diversify while managing core business operations.

Diversification: Strategic Choices and Challenges
For many dairies, large or small, there is a growing trend toward generating income beyond milk sales. Methane digesters, on-farm processing, agritourism and product extensions like ice cream and cheese businesses are just a few of the avenues being embraced. One inspiring example is Ken Smith from Virginia, who creatively transformed an old truck stop property into the successful Moo-Thru ice-cream venture in 2006.

“We sold 15,000 cones in the first three weeks,” Smith says. “People asked if we’d franchise this, and we’d only been open 60 days.”

The Smiths sold the family dairy, Cool Lawn Holsteins, a 1,000-cow dairy with a 30,000-lb.-plus herd average to their son, Ben, so their attention could go toward their ice cream endeavor.

(Photo provided by Cool Lawn Holsteins)

Today, Smith, his wife, Pam, and their daughters help operate and manage the ice-cream portion of the family business, while their son, Ben, owns and operates the dairy, Cool Lawn Farm, home to 850 cows.

While diversification offers promising income opportunities, it brings challenges. Dhuyvetter advises producers to examine whether new ventures complement or compete with their core milk production business. An ice cream business could boost profitability but might also demand significant time and management, potentially conflicting with dairy operations.

A New Income Option: Beef-on-Dairy Opportunities
One lucrative option for dairy producers is beef-on-dairy operations, which Dhuyvetter highlights as a complement to traditional dairy business. This involves breeding cows to produce beef-cross calves, allowing dairies to tap into the beef market. However, it’s crucial for producers to evaluate their breeding strategy and potential market involvement to avoid competing with milk production needs.

Ben Smith of Cool Lawn in Virginia has gone against the popular beef-on-dairy trend.

“While most of the industry is going the beef-on-dairy route, we’ve focused on selling high-quality sexed Holstein semen,” Ben Smith says, noting this has added dollars to their bottom line.

Calculating the right percentage of cows to breed for beef is vital. Dhuyvetter stresses the importance of understanding your farm’s needs for replacement heifers to ensure enough resources are allocated to core milk production activities. Producers must decide between retaining ownership of the calves or selling them at birth based on which option yields a higher return.

“Should I be breeding cows to beef? For most producers, the answer is yes, but the next two questions are the ones you need to think about,” he says. “What percent of my cows should I breed to beef? What do I do with the beef-cross calves produced?”

Sustainability and Carbon Market Ventures
Beyond production diversification, producers can embrace sustainability projects like methane digesters or carbon markets. These ventures are not universally accessible, primarily due to their significant capital requirements, but they offer promising revenue potentials.

Dhuyvetter advises careful consideration of economic reversibility before investing in such technologies, ensuring decisions support long-term financial goals. Elanco, for instance, provides opportunities for monetizing emissions reductions via carbon marketplaces using products like Bovaer and Rumensin.

For Smith, sustainability has always been a focus, and since 2023, the farm has leveraged several opportunities to enhance their practices. Manure injection, backed by private sector studies on carbon capture, has been a notable success.

“We had done very little, mainly because we didn’t have the equipment,” he says, adding that Northern Virginia doesn’t have a surplus of custom applicators, so it didn’t make a lot of sense prior to 2023 for them to do this. “Now, our neighbors are happier. We’re happier. We’re getting the full value of that nitrogen, and not to mention, we’re getting an incentive to do this practice.”

Navigating the Future of Dairy Revenue
For dairy producers, diversification and innovation are more than contemporary trends; they are longstanding methods of enhancing resilience and profitability. By analyzing new revenue streams for complementarity with existing operations, understanding the economic implications and considering reversibility options, dairies can strategically enhance their income.

“One hundred years ago, you had a bull calf, and you probably didn’t sell it. You probably fed it to your family, which is diversification by a different path,” Dhuyvetter says. “And we went through some tough years in the late ‘80s and into the ‘90s, and we always talked about having alternative revenue resources to survive in farming. Carbon monetization is another step on that path.”

Ultimately, dairy producers are tasked with navigating a complicated financial landscape and deciding which alternative revenue paths best suit their operations. These efforts ensure an additional cash flow vital to sustaining their farms for years to come, striking a delicate balance between tradition and innovation.

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How Fast Can You Milk A Cow? A New Genetic Tool Measures Milking Speed

Tue, 05 Aug 2025 16:44:02 GMT

Dairy producers looking to maximize parlor efficiency will soon have a new genetic tool to add to their toolbox. The Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) is set to release a long-anticipated milking speed genetic evaluation in the August 2025 proof run, marking a major milestone in performance trait development.

Milking speed, defined as pounds of milk per minute, has become a rising topic of interest across the U.S., particularly in high-throughput parlors and robotic systems in the West and Southwest. But until now, it lacked a reliable, standardized genetic evaluation tailored to the U.S. dairy population.

“Milking speed is an exciting topic that we continue to hear more and more about,” says Asha Miles, director of Dairy Records Management Systems and chair of the Milking Speed Evaluation Task Force for CDCB. “We continue to hear measures of farm and parlor efficiency in terms of milk per stall or seconds per turn. This evaluation offers a powerful tool to address that.”

What Is MSPD?
The new Milking Speed PTA (MSPD) represents the average pounds of milk per minute an animal’s offspring is expected to produce in a conventional milking system under average management conditions. It is calculated using sensor data collected from inline meters installed in traditional parlors across the U.S., making it the first U.S.-based, objective evaluation for milking speed.

“We’ve defined milking speed as the total pounds of milk in an individual milking, divided by the total milking duration in minutes for that milking,” Miles explains. “That combination gives us a more meaningful measure than milking duration alone, which doesn’t account for how much milk the cow actually produces.”

By using this ratio, pounds per minute instead of a raw duration, CDCB provides a more accurate measure of efficiency. For example, a cow that takes 8 minutes to milk might not be slow if she yields significantly more milk than average. Milking duration without yield context, therefore, is not an effective selection trait on its own.

From Subjective to Sensor-Driven
While countries like Canada and Switzerland have had milking speed evaluations in place for years, those systems rely on subjective scores, often assigned by trained classifiers during type evaluations. But the CDCB Task Force determined early in the process that this approach was not feasible or desirable in the U.S.

“The United States has much larger herds on average than most European countries,” Miles says. “So, a system that requires a classifier to individually score cows on milking speed would be too labor intensive. And beyond that, it introduces user bias. Different classifiers may score the same cow differently, which affects reliability.”

Instead, the team opted for a data-rich, sensor-based approach that could capture consistent and scalable metrics across farms and eliminate human subjectivity.

Collecting a Massive Amount of Data
According to Miles, the research behind MSPD began in 2021, when the CDCB established a dedicated task force to investigate the feasibility of creating a genetic evaluation for milking speed. That early work revealed a massive opportunity, but also some significant challenges.

The dataset came from about 300 U.S. herds that agreed to share their parlor data for research. Through partnerships with Dairy Records Management Systems (DRMS) and support from USDA’s Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, researchers were able to collect over 50 million individual milking records, each one capturing milk weights and milking durations for every milking across entire lactations.

“It was kind of incomprehensible at the time,” Miles says. “It’s the very first time we’ve ever tried to do something like this on this scale.”

But working with big data felt like drinking from a firehose, as Miles puts it. The biggest challenge was sifting through the noise.

“Sensor-based systems are designed for herd management, not for genetic research,” she explains. “So, we had to enact strict filtering protocols to eliminate inaccurate or incomplete records and identify what was truly usable.”

Factors such as milking frequency (2x, 3x, 4x), parity, breed, meter manufacturer and parlor type all had to be accounted for. Different meter manufacturers, for instance, use proprietary algorithms to determine when milk flow starts, introducing variability that had to be statistically controlled.

“Despite all that noise, the resulting trait showed incredibly high reliability,” Miles says. “We were pleasantly surprised by the strength of the heritability.”

High Heritability
The heritability of MSPD was calculated at 42%, making it the highest heritability of any of the 50 traits currently evaluated by CDCB. For comparison, milk, fat and protein yield traits are typically in the 20% range.

“That tells us this is a highly genetic trait,” Miles says. “Even with all the variables, our models are accurately identifying the genetic signal. That means producers can make swift, measurable progress if they select for it.”

The trait is also expressed in practical, easy-to-understand terms. Holstein cows currently average 7 lb. per minute, and preliminary testing showed bull predicted transmitting ability (PTAs) ranging from 6.2 lb. to 8.1 lb. per minute. Higher values mean faster-milking offspring.

What Makes MSPD Different from Other Traits
Currently, MSPD is only available for Holsteins, and only includes data from conventional parlors. Although the dataset included 70 robotic herds, data from automatic milking systems (AMS) has not yet been included due to its complexity.

“Milking frequency and interval are very consistent in conventional parlors, but in a robotic system, everything can change,” Miles says. “A cow might milk four times one day, twice the next, and she can visit at any time of day. That makes it much harder to model.”

However, Miles notes that AMS data is a key focus for future research. Interestingly, early comparisons showed robotic herds had faster average milking speeds than conventional herds, likely due to producers independently selecting for faster-milking animals.

“That was really exciting to see,” Miles says. “It suggests that producers are already aware of the value of milking speed and have been acting on it, even without a genetic evaluation.”

MSPD also differs significantly from existing milking speed traits like the MSP used in Brown Swiss and Milking Shorthorn, which rely on subjective producer reports during classification.

“It’s really important to understand how each PTA is defined and expressed,” Miles emphasizes. “If you’re using Canada’s evaluation, you’re selecting for something totally different: first-lactation daughters classified in their first six months. MSPD is based on complete lactation data in U.S. Holsteins, collected from inline sensors.”

What’s Next for MSPD?
The launch of MSPD in Holsteins is just the beginning. As more data becomes available, CDCB plans to expand the trait to additional breeds, starting with Jerseys, which use the same evaluation framework but currently lack a large enough dataset.

On the research front, AMS evaluation models are also on the horizon. And with the heritability so high, Miles believes producers will soon see results.

“We asked producers at World Dairy Expo a few years ago what they wanted from milking speed, faster cows or more uniformity, and the answers were split,” she says. “That showed us there’s broad interest, and with a genetic tool like this, the possibilities are wide open.”

A New Tool for Parlor Efficiency
According to Miles, MSPD represents a shift in how the U.S. dairy industry can think about efficiency. Not just in nutrition, reproduction or yield, but in how cows actually perform in the parlor.

“This evaluation is built from U.S. cows, using U.S. data and designed for U.S. systems,” Miles adds. “It’s the most relevant and useful tool producers have ever had for selecting on milking speed.”

With a practical, easy-to-interpret expression, high heritability and real-world application, MSPD is poised to become a key part of genetic planning for progressive dairies.

Managing Your Transition Pens May Be a Black and White Issue

Thu, 03 Jul 2025 17:00:00 GMT

Times have changed in the dairy industry.

An industry that used to have most of its profitability model driven by milk production suddenly has been thrust into a new age.

One might argue a black and white age.

Drought, retirement and years of challenging beef markets has feedlots turning to America’s dairies for help. Opening up their coffers at an unprecedented level, all to answer the growing shortage of beef cattle inventories.

This new cash infusion has ushered in a new age for dairy producers. In this age up to 2/3 of their dairy cow’s annual profit could be driven not by milk, but by the type of calf she has on “Day 0" of that lactation.

(American Farm Bureau Federation)

According to CattleFax and the American Farm Bureau Federation America’s dairy farmers have embraced this new model. Purchases of beef semen by dairy producers has gone from 2 million units in 2014 to almost 10 million in 2024. There are even whispers of some dairies changing their business model from milk as a primary production goal. Instead thinking of it as a secondary by-product of a system made to make as many dairy-beef cross calves as quickly as possible.

This mentality shift means that some of our dairies will see upwards of 50 to 75% of their cattle receiving beef semen. Creating ever increasing numbers of cross calves while using cheaper semen often with better conception rates.

However, there appears to be unintended biologic side effects from this shift. One of which is a backup in our pre-fresh pens.

Talk to any dairy and they will share with you the story of the dairy-beef cross that is 8-10 days overdue. They’ll often ask me what should we be doing with these animals? A complex question and best handled on a case-by-case basis with your herd veterinarian.

But it’s not these outliers that are causing issues on our dairies.

It’s the less noticeable example. Cows are going 2-7 days over the 278-day gestation we’ve come to expect from our Holstein cattle. These cows put undue strain on our pre-fresh pens; designed for 45–60-day dry periods.

Prefresh groups can quickly backup with dry periods going >70 days and pre-fresh pens becoming over-crowded. These small changes in cow flow cause significant issues in the post-fresh pen; risking 2-3x increases in fresh cow disease.

Beef and dairy animal gestation lengths.

(ICBP)

According to ICBP, the largest Beef Genomics database in the world, in general our beef breeds can be expected to go 4-12 days past the expected 278-day gestation. If our industry wants to truly embrace this model, then we will need to adjust our management.

A good start is to work with your herd vet and stud to investigate your current gestational averages by semen type. If you identify problem sires you can consider shortening dry period length for the affected groups, change semen breed type, or examine expanding your facilities to accommodate the 6-20% increase in pen duration.

Also, keep your ears and eyes open. Researchers continue to identify genetic markers for determining gestational length. It’s not inconceivable that in the coming months to years these markers, or an index combining them, could be added to your bull proofs.