When thinking about sustainability, we often consider how the industry impacts the environment. Methane mitigation, waste recycling and water quality are popular areas of focus to help make the dairy industry more sustainable. However, starting at the cow level might have some of the greatest impacts. Focusing breeding and mating decisions on specific traits can help build a more sustainable cow.
Feed Efficiency
Since December 2020, feed efficiency has been recognized as a breeding trait in the U.S. It was initially identified to track the impact of feed savings throughout a lactation. Early estimates indicate that feed savings are about 19% heritable. Feed efficiency is vital for maximizing profitability. A University of Minnesota study found the top 10% of profitable dairy herds in Minnesota account for 60% of the feed costs of the bottom 10%. Additionally, feed efficiency influences environmental management. When less feed is required to produce the same amount of milk, a reduced environmental footprint results.
Longevity
University of Florida research showskeeping mature cows in the herd can lead to increased profitability. Cows in their first, second, and even third lactations have not yet reached full maturity. A more mature herd with a lower cull rate (25%) has proven to be more profitable than a younger herd with a higher cull rate. Being able to retain cows longer can reduce the number of replacements needed. To maintain a herd size of 100 cows, a herd with a cull rate of 25%, needs roughly 10 fewer heifers if they calve at 24 months. Having fewer animals on the farm results in a smaller overall footprint.
Herd Health and Fertility
Two traits that significantly impact cow longevity are fertility and health traits. Improving health traits helps reduce disease and medical interventions, which can lower animal maintenance costs. Behind low milk yield, poor reproductive performance is the leading reason for culling in the dairy industry. Low pregnancy rates, similar to high culling rates, require more animals on the farm to maintain herd size. Additionally, low pregnancy rates result in lower herd milk production and decreased efficiency because cows spend more days in milk.
Sustainability is defined as meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Often, environmental sustainability is the primary concern, but being sustainable as a business is equally important. Focusing management at the cow level can help create a more sustainable farm system.
Your Next Read:
Bridging Bridges and Driving Global Dairy Opportunities
